Annales Geophysicae
Annales Geophysicae
ANGEO
Articles | Volume 43, issue 1
Articles | Volume 43, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-43-175-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-43-175-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 43, issue 1
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25 Feb 2025
Regular paper | Highlight paper |  | 25 Feb 2025

Evaluating F10.7 and F30 radio fluxes as long-term solar proxies of energy deposition in the thermosphere

Liying Qian and Kalevi Mursula

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Latest update: 03 Nov 2025
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The paper explains why the solar activity index F30 is more suitable for ionospheric and thermospheric long-term trends.
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Short summary
We study how well the F10.7 and F30 solar radio fluxes have represented solar energy input in the thermosphere in the last 60 years. We found that increased saturation of radio fluxes at recent solar minima leads to an overestimation of solar energy, which changes the relation between thermospheric parameters and F10.7, but this is not an issue for F30 because of a relative increase in F30 with respect to F10.7. This explains why F30 has been found to represent solar energy better than F10.7.
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Special issue
Long-term trends in the stratosphere–mesosphere–thermosphere–ionosphere...