the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Comment on “Identification of the IMF sector structure in near-real time by ground magnetic data” by Janzhura and Troshichev (2011)
The only published description of the solar wind sector (SS) term used for the reference level in the post-event and real-time derivation of the Polar Cap (PC) indices, PCN (Polar Cap North) and PCS (Polar Cap South), in the version endorsed by the International Association for Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) is found in the commented publication, Janzhura and Troshichev: Identification of the IMF sector structure in near-real time by ground magnetic data, Annales Geophysicae, 29, 1491–1500, 2011. Actually, the publication has served as a basis for the index endorsement by IAGA in 2013. However, neither the illustrations nor the results presented there have been derived by the specified near real-time method. Figures 1, 6, 7, and 8 display values derived by post-event calculations based on daily medians smoothed over 7 d centred on the day of interest. Figures 2, 3, and 4 display observed values smoothed over 7 d, while the remaining Fig. 5 displays averages over 4 months. In summary, there are strong disagreements between indications in the title, abstract, and statements in the text compared to the actual results and their illustrations.
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The derivation of the Polar Cap (PC) indices, PCN (Polar Cap North) based on Qaanaaq data and PCS (Polar Cap South) based on Vostok data, in the versions endorsed by the International Association for Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) in Resolution no. 3 (2013) is to a large extent based on the methods described in Janzhura and Troshichev (2011): Identification of the IMF sector structure in near-real time by ground magnetic data (hereinafter J&T2011) (and its replicate in Troshichev and Janzhura, 2012, hereinafter T&J2012). This work provides the only published description of the solar wind sector (SS) term related to the Y component, IMF BY, of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). The SS terms are derived from daily median values of the recorded magnetic field components and added to the index reference level in the post-event or near real-time versions. For post-event PC index calculations, the SS terms are derived from 7 d averaging of daily median values of the recorded magnetic data. For the near real-time calculations, the SS terms are derived from cubic spline-based forward extrapolation of past median values.
However, the method is invalid since it assumes that the IMF BY-related effects originating at the dayside cusp region can be compensated for by using a daily median-based SS term at all local hours. Instead, the addition of this singular term to the index reference level generates unfounded positive or negative PC index contributions at different observatory positions along its daily path with respect to the polar cap ionosphere. The solar wind sector “compensation”, typically, generates unfounded contributions to the PC indices at the nightside although the real IMF BY effects on polar magnetic fields at the night side are usually very small. Correspondingly, the compensation might have little effect on PC indices at the dayside although the cusp-related IMF BY effects maximize there.
An example case gave an unfounded change of 2.45 mV/m (magnetic storm level according to Troshichev and Sormakov, 2018) at local midnight and hardly any effect at noon at 4 nT amplitude in smoothed IMF BY values, which is a common occurrence (Stauning, 2015).
The commented publication, J&T2011, holds (pp. 1496–1497) a step-by-step procedure quoted below for near real-time calculations of IMF BY-related solar wind sector (SS) terms by forward cubic spline-based extrapolation of past median values.
Keeping in mind this specification, the 3 d smoothing averages of the median values were subjected to the interpolation procedure including the following steps:
median values for magnetic components H and D are derived for 4 intervals of days preceding with the exception of the current day (n=0):
r1 = F [for interval from n−3 to n−1 d]
r2 = F [for interval from n−5 to n−3 d]
r3 = F [for interval from n−7 to n−5 d]
r4 = F [for interval from n−9 to n−7 d];
piecewise polynomial form of the cubic spline interpolant for r1, r2, r3, and r4 segments is determined;
termination of this form related to day n=0 is examined as representative of the SS effect for the current day, even if this day is disturbed.
The procedure is repeated each subsequent day. Results of the procedure – the variation of the reconstructed magnetic H component is presented by the magenta line in the same Fig. 6, the reconstructed H-component curve being shifted by 50 nT to a lower position.
Thus, it is stated (p. 1497) that this procedure was used to derive the smoothly varying display of the H-component SS term (magenta line) in their Fig. 6 using magnetic data from Qaanaaq (THL) for the interval 1–30 June 2001, here reproduced in Fig. 1 and recalculated in Fig. 2. However, the statement concluding the quoted procedure is incorrect. The SS term (HSS) displayed in Fig. 6 of J&T2011 could not have been generated by the quoted near real-time procedure. The smoothed magenta curve for HSS is not a real-time version but derived by using the post-event method based on daily median values smoothed over 7 d with the actual day at the middle. Figure 2 presents the post-event (“final”) HSS values derived by the PCN index suppliers at the Danish Space Research Institute (DTU Space).
Values of the solar wind sector term, HSS, derived by adhering rigorously to the above-quoted “near-real time” procedure (including the cubic spline-based forward projection) are displayed by the jagged curve in magenta line in Fig. 3.
The similarity between the HSS curves in Figs. 1 and 2 and the large difference with respect to the simulated real-time HSS values in Fig. 3 derived from cubic spline-based extrapolation of past median values implies that the display in Fig. 6 of J&T2011 (Fig. 4.15 of T&J2012), contrary to the statement in pp. 1496–1497, was actually generated by using post-event calculations with smoothed averages of 7 d daily median values.
The IMF BY-related solar wind sector effects on the convection patterns generate changes in the PC index response to the merging electric fields. The solar wind sector (SS) term was implemented in the derivation of PC index reference levels by J&T2011. The SS term from their Fig. 6 has been added to the quiet day variation (QDC) with slowly (seasonally) varying amplitude calculated by the method published in Janzhura and Troshichev (2008) to generate the June section (days 152–182) of the reference level displayed by the solid line superimposed on the 1 min H-component values displayed in their Fig. 1. The remaining part of the reference levels has no doubt been generated by the same method reproduced here in Fig. 4 (including caption) and recalculated in Fig. 5. However, using the near real-time HSS version generates the jagged reference level displayed in red solid line superimposed on the H-component values displayed in faint blue line in Fig. 6.
The close similarity of the reference level (thick line) in Fig. 4 with that of Fig. 5 and the strong difference with respect to the real-time reference level in Fig. 6 implies that the “QDC” in Fig. 4 was actually derived by the post-event (final) calculation method (7 d smoothing of daily median H-component values) like the method used for Fig. 5.
Figure 7b in J&T2011 (Fig. 4.16b in T&J2012) displays the H component recorded at Qaanaaq (THL) throughout year 2001. The IMF BY-related HSS values have been superimposed on the recordings. According to the description, the black asterisks present near real-time values, while the red asterisks present post-event values. It appears that the two sets of symbols merge to form a smooth continuous curve. However, contrary to the description in text and figure caption, both symbol series have been generated by post-event calculation methods (averaged daily median values).
Recalculated values are displayed in Fig. 8 where the post-event symbols (magenta diamonds) merge to form a continuous broad trace of HSS values. The scattered near real-time symbols (black diamonds) have been calculated by using rigorously the J&T2011 near real-time procedure quoted above. Figure 9a and b provide more detailed comparisons of the values displayed in Figs. 7 and 8.
It is evident from Figs. 8 and 9b that the real-time and post-event methods generate quite different values of the IMF BY-related solar wind sector terms, HSS. The set of red asterisks in Figs. 7 and 9a, no doubt, present post-event (smoothed daily median) values, while the black set in Figs. 7 and 9a, against the statements in the text and in the figure caption, could not present near real-time values but must have been derived by post-event smoothing.
Figure 8b of J&T2011 reproduced here in Fig. 10 displays close relations between solar sector terms DSS and HSS and daily average IMF BY values. These relations are assumed to enable the possible identification of the IMF sector structure in near real time (title of the publication).
DSS and HSS values for the summer months, June–July 2001, provided by DTU Space are displayed in Fig. 11a and b (left and right). The values have been calculated from the 7 d averaged daily median D- and H-component values (magenta symbols) using the post-event method.
The corresponding near real-time values of DSS and HSS, for June–July 2001, have been calculated by rigorous use of the above-quoted near real-time procedure from J&T2011. The results are displayed in Fig. 12a and b.
The similarity between the diagrams of Fig. 11 definitely constructed by post-event calculations (at DTU Space) and that of Fig. 10 indicates beyond doubt that the latter have been derived by post-event methods. From the post-event processing displayed in Figs. 10 and 11, the D- and H-component solar wind sector terms appear highly correlated (r=0.95, 0.97) with the daily mean IMF BY values. Thus, they could be used to estimate past IMF BY levels and signs with good probability from archived data. However, the objective according to the title and abstract of the paper was to estimate IMF BY in near real time.
Compared to the DSS and HSS solar wind sector terms derived by post-event calculations displayed in Figs. 10 and 11, the corresponding solar wind sector terms generated by using real-time processing are much less well correlated with the daily average IMF BY values (r=0.67, 0.71). The relations displayed in Fig. 12 by the scattered DSS and HSS values derived by using near real-time methods could hardly be used to determine the actual IMF BY magnitude level and sign with any certainty, which was the main scope of the J&T2011 publication.
The commented paper, J&T2011, and its replica in Troshichev and Janzhura (2012) are significant since, along with the publications Troshichev et al. (2006) and Troshichev et al. (2011) held in chapter 4 of Troshichev and Janzhura (2012), they form the basis for the derivation procedures (Matzka, 2014; Nielsen and Willer, 2019) applied for calculations of Polar Cap (PC) index values in the near real-time and post-event (final) versions endorsed by IAGA Resolution no. 3 (2013).
However, neither the illustrations nor the results presented in J&T2011 have been derived by the specified near real-time method. All the illustrations and results presented in Figs. 1, 6, 7, and 8 display values derived by post-event calculation methods based on daily median values smoothed over 7 d centred on the day of interest. Figures 2, 3, and 4 display observed values smoothed over 7 d, while the remaining Fig. 5 displays averages over 4 months.
In summary, there is strong disagreement between indications in the title, abstract, statements in the text, and captions, as well as in the presentation of results, compared to recalculations by rigorous use of the presented near real-time procedure. Thus, it is concluded to caution against uncritical use of the methods and results presented in the commented publication by Janzhura and Troshichev (2011).
Geomagnetic data from Qaanaaq (THL) were supplied from the INTERMAGNET data service web portal at https://intermagnet.org/data-donnee/download-eng.php, last access: 10 April 2021. Solar wind plasma and magnetic field data based on data from the ACE, IMP, GEOTAIL, and WIND space missions were supplied from the OMNIWeb data service at http://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/omni_min.html, last access: 10 April 2021. Interim values of solar wind sector, HSS and DSS, and quiet day, QDC, values from PCN calculations for 2001 were supplied by the index providers at DTU Space (https://doi.org/10.11581/DTU:00000057).
The author declares that there is no conflict of interest.
The staff at the observatory in Qaanaaq and its supporting institutes – the Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI) and the Danish Space Research Institute (DTU Space) – are gratefully acknowledged for providing high-quality geomagnetic data for this study. The efficient provision of geomagnetic data from the INTERMAGNET data service centre; the supply of solar wind data from the IMP 8, WIND, GEOTAIL, and ACE missions; and the excellent performance of the OMNIWeb data portals are greatly appreciated. The author gratefully acknowledges the collaboration and many rewarding discussions in the past with Oleg A. Troshichev and Alexander S. Janzhura at the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute in St. Petersburg, Russia.
This paper was edited by Georgios Balasis and reviewed by one anonymous referee.
Janzhura, A. S. and Troshichev, O. A.: Determination of the running quiet daily geomagnetic variation, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 70, 962–972, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2007.11.004, 2008.
Janzhura, A. S. and Troshichev, O. A.: Identification of the IMF sector structure in near-real time by ground magnetic data, Ann. Geophys., 29, 1491–1500, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-29-1491-2011, 2011.
Matzka, J.: PC_index_description_main_document_incl _Appendix_A.pdf, DTU Space web portal, available at: https://doi.org/10.11581/DTU:00000057, 2014.
Nielsen, J. B. and Willer, A. N.: Restructuring and harmonizing the code used to calculate the Definitive Polar Cap Index, Report from DTU Space, available at: https://doi.org/10.11581/DTU:00000057, 2019.
Stauning, P.: A critical note on the IAGA-endorsed Polar Cap index procedure: effects of solar wind sector structure and reverse polar convection, Ann. Geophys., 33, 1443–1455, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-1443-2015, 2015.
Stauning, P.: A critical note on the IAGA-endorsed Polar Cap (PC) indices: excessive excursions in the real-time index values, Ann. Geophys., 36, 621–631, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-621-2018, 2018.
Troshichev, O. A. and Janzhura, A. S.: Space Weather monitoring by ground-based means, Springer Praxis Books, Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16803-1, 2012.
Troshichev, O. A. and Sormakov, D. A.: PC index as a proxy of the solar wind energy that entered into the Magnetosphere: 3. Development of magnetic storms, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 180, 60–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2017.10.012, 2017.
Troshichev, O. A., Janzhura, A. S., and Stauning, P.: Unified PCN and PCS indices: method of calculation, physical sense and dependence on the IMF azimuthal and northward components, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A05208, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011402, 2006.
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Calculation of IMF BY-related solar wind sector term
- Use of the solar wind sector (SS) term in reference level for PC indices
- The SS effects throughout a year (2001).
- Identification of solar wind sector structure in near real time
- Summary and conclusion
- Data availability
- Competing interests
- Acknowledgements
- Review statement
- References
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Calculation of IMF BY-related solar wind sector term
- Use of the solar wind sector (SS) term in reference level for PC indices
- The SS effects throughout a year (2001).
- Identification of solar wind sector structure in near real time
- Summary and conclusion
- Data availability
- Competing interests
- Acknowledgements
- Review statement
- References