This article reports the first observations of 32 type II bursts in cycle 25 from May 2021 to December 2022. The impacts of space weather on ionospheric total electron content (TEC) enhancement, as measured by the rate of change of TEC index (ROTI), are also studied. According to the current analysis, 19 of 32 type II bursts are connected with imminent space weather occurrences, such as radio blackouts and polar cap absorption events, indicating a high likelihood of space weather disturbance. 

The study examined the diurnal and seasonal variations in total electron content (TEC) over Nigeria. The derived GPS TEC across all the stations demonstrated consistent minimum diurnal variations during the pre-sunrise hours, increased with a sharp gradient during the sunrise period, attained a postnoon maximum at about 14:00 LT, and then fell to a minimum just before sunset. The seasonal variation depicted a semi-annual distribution with higher values around equinoxes than solstices.

This paper describes chaos and dynamical complexity to reveal the state of the underlying dynamics of the ionosphere on a daily basis. This is to show the daily/transient variations of chaoticity and dynamical complexity so as to reveal the degree of changes that occur in the ionospheric process and dynamics from one day to another. This paper will point the space science community in the direction of the use of chaoticity and dynamical complexity as indices to describe the process and dynamics.