Influence of monsoon variability on the surface waves using measured data covering 7 years and reanalysis data from 1979 to 2015 during the Indian summer monsoon in the eastern Arabian Sea is examined. A high positive correlation (r ~ 0.84) between average low-level jet for the block 0–15° N, 50–75° E and wave height of eastern Arabian Sea is observed in all months except August. The monsoon seasonal average wave height is found to be relatively low during the strong El Niño years.

We assess the CM4 of daily variation and whether it can be applied to times and activity levels outside of those that provide input data for the model. Our conclusion shows that the model works well at times outside those from which CM4 was produced and also performs better than expected at activity levels higher than that for which CM4 was designed, although it fails to predict short-period behaviour.

ESA's constellation mission Swarm makes it possible for the first time to determine field-aligned currents (FACs) reliably in the ionosphere. FACs are able to transport energy from the solar wind to the Earth and heat the upper atmosphere. Here we investigate FAC structures that have been missed by previous satellite missions. Most of them are found poleward of the northern light zone. The energy sources seem to be located on the nightside of Earth about 100 000 km away.

Spacecraft observations show that energetic ions are found in the Earth’s magnetotail, with energies ranging from tens of keV to a few hundreds of keV. In this paper we carry out test particle simulations in which protons and other ion species are injected in the Vlasov magnetic field configurations obtained by Catapano et al. (2015). Three-dimensional time-dependent stochastic electromagnetic perturbations are included in the simulation box, so that the ion acceleration process is studied.