The solar wind magnetic field drapes around the active nucleus of comet 67P/CG, creating a magnetosphere. The solar wind density increases and with that the pressure, which compresses the magnetosphere, increasing the magnetic field strength near Rosetta. The higher solar wind density also creates more ionization through collisions with the gas from the comet. The new ions are picked-up by the magnetic field and generate mirror-mode waves, creating low-field high-density "bottles" near 67P/CG.

Satellite data over the 11-year solar cycle from 2002 to 2014 show that the response of atmospheric temperatures are in phase with the sun's activity from 50 to 100 km. The ozone variations are also in phase with those of temperature between ~ 80 and 100 km but are mostly out of phase between ~ 50 and 80 km. This is consistent with the idea that dynamics are more in control from 80 to 100 km, while ozone photochemistry is more in control from ~ 50 to 80 km.

Stereoscopy of aurora was performed at the record fast sampling rate of 100 fps to measure the emission altitude of rapidly varying fine-scale structures. The new method unveiled that very different types of aurora appear in the same direction at different altitudes.

To study the coupling between the magnetosphere and the solar wind at high latitudes, the cosmic rays window (CRW) is defined. The area of the CRW is related to the solar wind-magnetospheric conditions, such as the z component of Interplanetary Magnetic Field, the solar wind dynamic pressure, AE index and Dst index. This result on the CRW may be used to help forecasting the variation of the cosmic rays during the geomagnetic storms.

This paper introduces a new method for mapping electric fields in the magnetosphere along geomagnetic field lines. This is important for conjugate studies of electric fields measured in the ionosphere by SuperDARN radars, and at spacecraft carrying electric field probes. First elementary methods in a dipole field are reviewed and then the theory of of a new method described for general magnetic field models. The method is tested in a dipole model with a Harris magnetotail field.

The method of electric field mapping along geomagnetic field lines, derived in an accompanying paper, is applied to the International Geomagnetic Reference Field. Formulae for the geomagnetic field gradient tensor are derived and these are used in a software package developed to map the electric field. A number of examples are presented illustrating the method. The method will be of importance in conjugate studies of ionospheric convection when the external magnetic field can be neglected.

With the Energetic Particle Telescope (EPT) on board the ESA satellite PROBA-V, we analyze the high-resolution flux measurements of the charged particle radiation environment at 820 km of altitude for the year 2015. On 17 March 2015, a big geomagnetic storm event injected unusual electron fluxes up to low radial distances in the radiation belts. Two other major events appeared in January and June 2015, again with injections of electrons in the inner belt, contrary to what was observed in 2013.

Four-spacecraft Cluster observations of turbulent fluctuations in the magnetic reconnection region in the geomagnetic tail show for the first time an indication of ion Bernstein waves, electromagnetic waves that propagate nearly perpendicular to the mean magnetic field and are in resonance with ions. Bernstein waves may influence current sheet dynamics in the reconnection outflow such as a bifurcation of the current sheet.

This paper reports two consecutive mesospheric bores observed in the airglow emissions (OH and OI5577). Both bores propagated to the east and showed similar spectral characteristics. However, the first one exhibited a dark leading front with several trailing waves behind and progressed into a brighter airglow region. However, the second bore, observed in the OH layer, was comprised of several bright waves propagating into a darker airglow region.

The accuracy and availability of satellite-based applications like GNSS positioning and remote sensing crucially depends on the knowledge of the ionospheric electron density distribution. The 3-D reconstruction of the ionosphere is one of the major tools to provide ionospheric corrections and to study physical processes in the ionosphere. In this paper, we introduce two reconstruction methods SMART and SMART+, and compare them to well-known reconstruction techniques ART and SART.

The link between upper-tropospheric planetary-scale Rossby waves and surface meteorological parameters is examined. The propagating Rossby waves along with undulations in the subtropical jet create convergence and divergence regions in the mid-troposphere. The surface relative humidity, wind speeds, and temperature are synchronized with the phase of the propagating Rossby waves. The present study finds important implications for medium-range forecasting through Rossby wave propagation.

The Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD), on board the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover Curiosity, measures the energetic charged and neutral particles and the radiation dose rate on the surface of Mars. In this work we compare predicted electron/positron spectra with the signal measured by RAD. We find that the RAD electron/positron measurements agree well with the spectra predicted by Planetocosmics.

Existing water vapor tomographic methods use Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals penetrating the entire research area while they do not consider signals passing through its sides. To solve this issue, an approach which uses GPS data with both signals that pass the side and top of a research area is proposed. The advantages of proposed approach include improving the utilization of existing GNSS observations and increasing the number of voxels crossed by satellite signals.

The purpose of our paper was to provide a statistical study of one of the interactions between lightning and particles occurring above thunderstorms. In our case, the satellite DEMETER was able to measure the energy of both particles and lightning. By correlating those measurements with lightning detection, we were able to determine the position of the causative lightning. The aim of this research was mainly to prepare the next spacecraft mission, which will study thunderstorms from space.