Scattered airglow can bias thermospheric wind observations by ground-based interferometers, especially when brightness is spatially uneven due to auroras. We simulated lower atmospheric scattering during two mid-latitude auroral events and confirmed that scattering leads to line-of-sight speed biases, thereby increasing the horizontal differences between opposite cardinal directions. This scattering impact needs to be carefully considered in thermospheric dynamics analysis.

Winds in the mesopause region (85–100  km altitude) drive upper-atmospheric dynamics and energy transfer. We present the Asymmetric Spatial Heterodyne Spectrometer, a ground-based instrument, to measure winds by observing the green airglow of atomic oxygen. Lab tests demonstrated the instrument achieves <2 m/s accuracy. Field measurements at a high-latitude site in China showed strong agreement with independent LiDAR data, confirming that the system delivers reliable wind retrievals.

Disruptions of Quasi-Biennial Oscillation modulate the migrating diurnal tide in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. During the events, wavelengths and phases of the tide remain unchanged, but its amplitude strengthens. The enhancement of water vapor radiative heating, ozone radiative heating and latent heating may contribute to the amplification of the tide amplitude. These features provide insights into the dynamical coupling of troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and lower thermosphere.

An equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) event, emerging near dawn and developing after sunrise, was simultaneously observed by an all-sky imager and the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) network. The observed EPBs showed westward drifts, different from post-sunset EPBs. The EPBs occurred in the recovery phase of a geomagnetic storm, possibly playing a key role in initializing their developments. The results provide a new perspective of EPBs, enriching our knowledge of ionospheric irregularity.