Annual and semiannual variations in the ionospheric F2-layer: II. Physical discussion

Rishbeth, H.; Müller-Wodarg, I. C. F.; Zou, L.; Fuller-Rowell, T. J.; Millward, G. H.; Moffett, R. J.; Idenden, D. W.; Aylward, A. D.

doi:10.1007/s00585-000-0945-6

Articles | Volume 18, issue 8

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-000-0945-6

Articles | Volume 18, issue 8

31 Aug 2000

Annual and semiannual variations in the ionospheric F2-layer: II. Physical discussion

H. Rishbeth, I. C. F. Müller-Wodarg, L. Zou, T. J. Fuller-Rowell, G. H. Millward, R. J. Moffett, D. W. Idenden, and A. D. Aylward

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Total article views: 2,751 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)

HTML	PDF	XML	Total	BibTeX	EndNote
1,545	1,131	75	2,751	119	158

HTML: 1,545
PDF: 1,131
XML: 75
Total: 2,751
BibTeX: 119
EndNote: 158

Views and downloads (calculated since 01 Feb 2013)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Feb 2013	6	18	0	24
Mar 2013	1	10	0	11
Apr 2013	4	7	0	11
May 2013	6	11	0	17
Jun 2013	8	6	0	14
Jul 2013	9	11	0	20
Aug 2013	11	7	0	18
Sep 2013	4	13	0	17
Oct 2013	5	14	0	19
Nov 2013	7	7	0	14
Dec 2013	6	7	0	13
Jan 2014	5	0	5
Feb 2014	4	7	0	11
Mar 2014	13	11	0	24
Apr 2014	2	5	0	7
May 2014	3	6	0	9
Jun 2014	2	4	0	6
Jul 2014	2	8	0	10
Aug 2014	5	7	0	12
Sep 2014	4	9	0	13
Oct 2014	4	15	0	19
Nov 2014	24	11	1	36
Dec 2014	2	12	0	14
Jan 2015	8	0	8
Feb 2015	1	2	1	4
Mar 2015	2	4	0	6
Apr 2015	3	1	0	4
May 2015	8	3	0	11
Jun 2015	24	3	0	27
Jul 2015	18	2	0	20
Aug 2015	7	5	0	12
Sep 2015	3	5	0	8
Oct 2015	10	2	0	12
Nov 2015	12	2	0	14
Dec 2015	4	4	0	8
Jan 2016	12	7	0	19
Feb 2016	9	9	0	18
Mar 2016	9	9	0	18
Apr 2016	9	6	0	15
May 2016	10	4	0	14
Jun 2016	7	1	0	8
Jul 2016	6	0	6
Aug 2016	7	4	0	11
Sep 2016	9	3	0	12
Oct 2016	10	5	0	15
Nov 2016	4	1	0	5
Dec 2016	6	9	0	15
Jan 2017	4	1	0	5
Feb 2017	6	2	0	8
Mar 2017	8	3	0	11
Apr 2017	8	3	0	11
May 2017	19	6	0	25
Jun 2017	11	1	0	12
Jul 2017	12	3	0	15
Aug 2017	5	1	0	6
Sep 2017	7	5	0	12
Oct 2017	3	2	0	5
Nov 2017	5	2	0	7
Dec 2017	2	2	0	4
Jan 2018	3	4	0	7
Feb 2018	3	6	0	9
Mar 2018	7	4	0	11
Apr 2018	6	5	0	11
May 2018	13	4	0	17
Jun 2018	5	3	2	10
Jul 2018	7	2	0	9
Aug 2018	4	4	0	8
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Oct 2018	3	4	0	7
Nov 2018	5	4	0	9
Dec 2018	4	8	0	12
Jan 2019	4	9	0	13
Feb 2019	4	5	0	9
Mar 2019	4	4	0	8
Apr 2019	5	5	0	10
May 2019	7	4	0	11
Jun 2019	3	6	0	9
Jul 2019	3	3	0	6
Aug 2019	10	4	0	14
Sep 2019	1	0	1
Oct 2019	3	9	0	12
Nov 2019	5	7	0	12
Dec 2019	2	1	0	3
Jan 2020	11	8	1	20
Feb 2020	4	7	0	11
Mar 2020	5	11	0	16
Apr 2020	5	6	0	11
May 2020	8	7	0	15
Jun 2020	14	7	0	21
Jul 2020	16	7	7	30
Aug 2020	6	5	2	13
Sep 2020	4	12	0	16
Oct 2020	12	7	1	20
Nov 2020	7	7	0	14
Dec 2020	15	8	0	23
Jan 2021	20	7	0	27
Feb 2021	16	5	0	21
Mar 2021	9	4	0	13
Apr 2021	7	8	0	15
May 2021	10	7	0	17
Jun 2021	10	9	1	20
Jul 2021	9	6	0	15
Aug 2021	6	3	0	9
Sep 2021	12	6	0	18
Oct 2021	7	25	0	32
Nov 2021	13	28	1	42
Dec 2021	18	4	0	22
Jan 2022	16	10	1	27
Feb 2022	8	3	1	12
Mar 2022	8	9	0	17
Apr 2022	9	5	0	14
May 2022	8	9	1	18
Jun 2022	13	7	0	20
Jul 2022	7	7	0	14
Aug 2022	8	11	1	20
Sep 2022	13	12	0	25
Oct 2022	11	9	1	21
Nov 2022	24	9	0	33
Dec 2022	20	5	1	26
Jan 2023	18	16	1	35
Feb 2023	16	11	2	29
Mar 2023	40	18	9	67
Apr 2023	6	12	0	18
May 2023	11	9	2	22
Jun 2023	11	8	1	20
Jul 2023	13	5	0	18
Aug 2023	13	7	2	22
Sep 2023	15	9	1	25
Oct 2023	18	12	0	30
Nov 2023	3	4	0	7
Dec 2023	22	9	0	31
Jan 2024	10	6	0	16
Feb 2024	8	3	1	12
Mar 2024	9	11	2	22
Apr 2024	14	8	3	25
May 2024	13	18	5	36
Jun 2024	19	5	2	26
Jul 2024	14	9	2	25
Aug 2024	19	8	1	28
Sep 2024	8	5	0	13
Oct 2024	22	1	1	24
Nov 2024	17	7	2	26
Dec 2024	9	5	1	15
Jan 2025	14	13	0	27
Feb 2025	26	3	1	30
Mar 2025	13	10	0	23
Apr 2025	11	15	1	27
May 2025	24	7	4	35
Jun 2025	45	8	0	53
Jul 2025	21	15	0	36
Aug 2025	34	16	0	50
Sep 2025	14	20	1	35
Oct 2025	31	36	3	70
Nov 2025	23	15	3	41
Dec 2025	19	18	1	38

Cumulative views and downloads (calculated since 01 Feb 2013)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Feb 2013	6	18	0	24
Mar 2013	1	10	0	11
Apr 2013	4	7	0	11
May 2013	6	11	0	17
Jun 2013	8	6	0	14
Jul 2013	9	11	0	20
Aug 2013	11	7	0	18
Sep 2013	4	13	0	17
Oct 2013	5	14	0	19
Nov 2013	7	7	0	14
Dec 2013	6	7	0	13
Jan 2014	5	0	5
Feb 2014	4	7	0	11
Mar 2014	13	11	0	24
Apr 2014	2	5	0	7
May 2014	3	6	0	9
Jun 2014	2	4	0	6
Jul 2014	2	8	0	10
Aug 2014	5	7	0	12
Sep 2014	4	9	0	13
Oct 2014	4	15	0	19
Nov 2014	24	11	1	36
Dec 2014	2	12	0	14
Jan 2015	8	0	8
Feb 2015	1	2	1	4
Mar 2015	2	4	0	6
Apr 2015	3	1	0	4
May 2015	8	3	0	11
Jun 2015	24	3	0	27
Jul 2015	18	2	0	20
Aug 2015	7	5	0	12
Sep 2015	3	5	0	8
Oct 2015	10	2	0	12
Nov 2015	12	2	0	14
Dec 2015	4	4	0	8
Jan 2016	12	7	0	19
Feb 2016	9	9	0	18
Mar 2016	9	9	0	18
Apr 2016	9	6	0	15
May 2016	10	4	0	14
Jun 2016	7	1	0	8
Jul 2016	6	0	6
Aug 2016	7	4	0	11
Sep 2016	9	3	0	12
Oct 2016	10	5	0	15
Nov 2016	4	1	0	5
Dec 2016	6	9	0	15
Jan 2017	4	1	0	5
Feb 2017	6	2	0	8
Mar 2017	8	3	0	11
Apr 2017	8	3	0	11
May 2017	19	6	0	25
Jun 2017	11	1	0	12
Jul 2017	12	3	0	15
Aug 2017	5	1	0	6
Sep 2017	7	5	0	12
Oct 2017	3	2	0	5
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Apr 2018	6	5	0	11
May 2018	13	4	0	17
Jun 2018	5	3	2	10
Jul 2018	7	2	0	9
Aug 2018	4	4	0	8
Sep 2018	10	3	0	13
Oct 2018	3	4	0	7
Nov 2018	5	4	0	9
Dec 2018	4	8	0	12
Jan 2019	4	9	0	13
Feb 2019	4	5	0	9
Mar 2019	4	4	0	8
Apr 2019	5	5	0	10
May 2019	7	4	0	11
Jun 2019	3	6	0	9
Jul 2019	3	3	0	6
Aug 2019	10	4	0	14
Sep 2019	1	0	1
Oct 2019	3	9	0	12
Nov 2019	5	7	0	12
Dec 2019	2	1	0	3
Jan 2020	11	8	1	20
Feb 2020	4	7	0	11
Mar 2020	5	11	0	16
Apr 2020	5	6	0	11
May 2020	8	7	0	15
Jun 2020	14	7	0	21
Jul 2020	16	7	7	30
Aug 2020	6	5	2	13
Sep 2020	4	12	0	16
Oct 2020	12	7	1	20
Nov 2020	7	7	0	14
Dec 2020	15	8	0	23
Jan 2021	20	7	0	27
Feb 2021	16	5	0	21
Mar 2021	9	4	0	13
Apr 2021	7	8	0	15
May 2021	10	7	0	17
Jun 2021	10	9	1	20
Jul 2021	9	6	0	15
Aug 2021	6	3	0	9
Sep 2021	12	6	0	18
Oct 2021	7	25	0	32
Nov 2021	13	28	1	42
Dec 2021	18	4	0	22
Jan 2022	16	10	1	27
Feb 2022	8	3	1	12
Mar 2022	8	9	0	17
Apr 2022	9	5	0	14
May 2022	8	9	1	18
Jun 2022	13	7	0	20
Jul 2022	7	7	0	14
Aug 2022	8	11	1	20
Sep 2022	13	12	0	25
Oct 2022	11	9	1	21
Nov 2022	24	9	0	33
Dec 2022	20	5	1	26
Jan 2023	18	16	1	35
Feb 2023	16	11	2	29
Mar 2023	40	18	9	67
Apr 2023	6	12	0	18
May 2023	11	9	2	22
Jun 2023	11	8	1	20
Jul 2023	13	5	0	18
Aug 2023	13	7	2	22
Sep 2023	15	9	1	25
Oct 2023	18	12	0	30
Nov 2023	3	4	0	7
Dec 2023	22	9	0	31
Jan 2024	10	6	0	16
Feb 2024	8	3	1	12
Mar 2024	9	11	2	22
Apr 2024	14	8	3	25
May 2024	13	18	5	36
Jun 2024	19	5	2	26
Jul 2024	14	9	2	25
Aug 2024	19	8	1	28
Sep 2024	8	5	0	13
Oct 2024	22	1	1	24
Nov 2024	17	7	2	26
Dec 2024	9	5	1	15
Jan 2025	14	13	0	27
Feb 2025	26	3	1	30
Mar 2025	13	10	0	23
Apr 2025	11	15	1	27
May 2025	24	7	4	35
Jun 2025	45	8	0	53
Jul 2025	21	15	0	36
Aug 2025	34	16	0	50
Sep 2025	14	20	1	35
Oct 2025	31	36	3	70
Nov 2025	23	15	3	41
Dec 2025	19	18	1	38

Latest update: 19 Dec 2025