the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 15 Jan 2021
A Survey on High-energy Protons Response to Geomagnetic Storm in the Inner Radiation Belt
Abstract. RBSPA observations suggest that the inner radiation belt high energy proton fluxes drop significantly during the storm main phase and recover in parallel to as the SYM-H index [Xu et al., 2019]. A natural problem arises: are these storm‐time proton flux variations in response to the magnetic field modifications adiabatic? Based on Liouville's theorem and conservation of the first and third adiabatic invariants, the fully adiabatic effects of high energy protons in the inner radiation belt have been quantitatively evaluated. Two case studies show that theoretically calculated, adiabatic flux decreases are in good agreement with RBSPA observations. Statistical survey of 67 geomagnetic storms which occurred in 2013–2016 has been conducted. The results confirm that the fully adiabatic response constitutes the main contribution 90 % to the changes in high energy protons in inner radiation belt during the storm main and recovery phases. It indicates that adiabatic invariants of the inner belt high energy protons are well preserved for majority of storms. Phase space density results also support adiabatic effect controls the varication of high energy protons especially for small and medium geomagnetic storms. Non-adiabatic effects could play important role for the most intense storms with fast changes in magnetic configuration.
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RC1: 'Comment on angeo-2021-4', Anonymous Referee #1, 29 Jan 2021
This paper claims to show that adiabatic effects dominate the changes in proton fluxes in the outer part of the proton radiation belts (sometimes referred to as the inner zone).
A first (more minor point compared to my latter concerns) is that much of the cited literature concerns changes in the proton betls that are more long-lasting. For example, losses due to field line curvature scattering are true losses as opposed to temporary (adiabatic) changes. This paper does not contradict those other studies. It has a different objective.
The major problems with this paper are that (a) the methodology is not presented with enough detail to understand how the authors actually analyzed the data and (b) the methodology itself appears responsible for the results that are presented.
Specifically, the authors present formulas that they claim quantify the changes in flux due to adibatict processes that preserve mu and L. Those are listed in equations 1-4 which represent the flux during the storm (subscript m) as a function of flux prior to the storm (subscript p). The two are related by three variables: Energy, L-shell, and Magnetic field strength. The variables during and prior to the storm are represented by _p and _m.
The first problem is that the equations that relate E_m to E_p and L_m to L_p are not given so the quantities in figure 3 cannot be verified.
The second problem is that figure 3 plots E_p, L_p, and j_p as a function of time for fixed values of L_m and E_m. Surely it should be the other way around. For a given pre-storm condition (_p) the quantities during the storm (_m) are a function of time. It is not at all helpful to present it in terms of the "pre-storm" conditions vary as a function of time during the storm.
The third, and biggest, problem is that the relationship between all of the variables (e.g. L_p to L_m, E_p to E_M) are all a function of B_p/B_m. Since B == B_dip +dB and dB = -symH (for symH<0) then all of the pre-storm and storm-time variables are related to one another as a function of dB == -symH. This can be seen very cleaerly in figure 3 where all predicted variables follow every bump and wiggle of symH.
For true calculations of adiabatic effects the radial gradients of PSD are critical (as is the second invariant which is ignored here). For example, a flat radial gradient produces no change in flux when B changes. This analysis simply samples the fluxes (j_p) at different values of L and E that are related to an arbitrarily-chosen value of L_m and E_m where the relationship is defined by symH. It is a totology to conclude that adiabatic changes (defined by dB == -symH) "explain" the flux variations.
The brief discussion of phase space density in section 3.3 does not contain enough information to know what the authors have done or what is being plotted in figure 6. Is the PSD at fixed third invariant (L*)? If so, what L*? It is currently impossibe to know if the PSD results support the preceding conclusions or not.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2021-4-RC1 -
AC1: 'reply on RC1', Z.H. He, 25 Mar 2021
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://angeo.copernicus.org/preprints/angeo-2021-4/angeo-2021-4-AC1-supplement.pdf
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AC1: 'reply on RC1', Z.H. He, 25 Mar 2021
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RC2: 'Comment on angeo-2021-4', Anonymous Referee #2, 27 Feb 2021
I apologize to the authors and the editor for waiting until the very last minute to submit my review, especially since the other reviewer was so prompt.
Substantive comments:
Line 35: Should “proton loss events” be “proton loss events at [specific energy range]”, in contrast to the “energies of MeVs” previously studied?
Section 2.1 on the data is extremely short. Are the data to be used selected in any way (pitch angle, closeness to the equator, …), or are all data in a given time period just averaged together? What energy ranges will be used?
Line 87: probably “proton conservation” -> “particle’s conservation” generally, as electrons are referenced in the preceding sentence
Line 93: The authors should make clear the particular definition of L (L*, McIlwain L, simple geometric result for drift orbit radius divided by Earth radius) by which the data will be sorted and labeled.
Line 96: “During the storm time” -> “During the storm main phase”; likewise on line 98
Equation 1: This is the only time J = 0 is mentioned; are only data that have B/Beq close to unity kept for analysis, or are all data around each orbit simply considered to be equatorial?
Line 118: Should mention T89c here to link it with the Tsyganenko et al. (1989) reference; most readers will know that’s what is meant, but not all.
Line 120: perhaps “predicted magnetic field along the RBSP-A orbit from T89c …”
Line 121: It would be good to identify which instrument aboard RBSP-A provided the measured magnetic field magnitude.
Lines 133-134: Why use SYM-H instead of Dst, if Dst is the parameter used in the definition of the modified dipole model (equation 4)?
Lines 152-153: I’m not sure of the time intervals reported by the two references, but might increases in proton flux be due to solar modulation of the CRAND sources and losses rather than “steady inward diffusion”?
Figure 2(a): What energy is shown in this L profile?
Lines 155-156: The meaning of “the month average data which do not exclude the four year trend of proton fluxes” is not clear to me.
Lines 161-162: Ah – here we find the relationship between the data and the magnetic equator. Perhaps back in section 2.1 it would be good to say that “proton fluxes are projected to the equator based on the pitch-angle distributions fitted by Xu et al. (2019)” or something.
Lines 163-164: It is not clear how to “find j(Ep, Lp;tp) based on the quiet time flux profile”. Figure 2(a) gives the L dependence at an unlabeled energy, and figure 2(b) gives the E dependence at L=2, in all cases with values differing by a factor of two in places for three different times. Which time is selected? Are the profiles assumed to be separable (that is, j(E,L) = A(E) * B(L) with A & B given by the panels of figure 2), or is there a database from which these are sampled?
Line 172: By “recovered by 75%,” do you mean 75% of the way back to zero, or to -15nT?
Figure 3: Panel labels “(a) Lp” etc. are very small; also, the labels in the figure and the caption are a-j, whereas in the main text they are referred to as a and a’, b and b’, etc.
Lines 179-180: The sentence describing panels 3c and 3c’ appears to refer to fixed values of Ep = 21.25 MeV and 27.6 MeV, but the previous sentence refers to calculation of a time-varying Ep corresponding to each of two fixed values of Em. Since the observations in panels 3d and 3d’ are presumably each for a fixed energy Em, does that mean that panels 3c and 3c’ are fluxes for time-varying Ep and Lp?
Line 189: The data “slightly deviate” from the calculated fluxes; but the red points jump up and down from one to the next by an amount that exceeds the difference between the red dots and black curves. Might this be due to orbit/attitude interactions that are incompletely corrected for when data are projected to the magnetic equator? Can you estimate the magnitude of this error?
Line 208: As per line 189, do the systematic errors in the data allow the conclusion that “some non-adiabatic loss mechanisms [must] exist”?
Figure 6: Panels d and e are labeled with both an energy and a mu/J combination. The energy of a fixed mu and J will vary with magnetic conditions; are the phase space densities in each panel calculated from the flux measured at that time-varying energy (with the label giving the energy of that mu/J channel during quiet times), or are they simply the fluxes at the constant labeled energy scaled to a phase space density?
Typographical suggestions:
In general, the paper would benefit from a thorough proofreading for language. A few instances that I noted in passing:
Lines 19-20: “support adiabatic effects controls the varication” -> “support adiabatic effects controlling the variation”
Line 56: intensive -> intense
Line 98: conversation -> conservation
Line 110: momentums -> momenta
Line 212: “could not be” -> “should not be”
Line 242: “high-correlation” -> “high correlation”
Line 244: maintains -> remains
Line 245 “support our results form” -> “supports our results from”
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2021-4-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Z.H. He, 25 Mar 2021
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://angeo.copernicus.org/preprints/angeo-2021-4/angeo-2021-4-AC2-supplement.pdf
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AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Z.H. He, 25 Mar 2021
Status: closed
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RC1: 'Comment on angeo-2021-4', Anonymous Referee #1, 29 Jan 2021
This paper claims to show that adiabatic effects dominate the changes in proton fluxes in the outer part of the proton radiation belts (sometimes referred to as the inner zone).
A first (more minor point compared to my latter concerns) is that much of the cited literature concerns changes in the proton betls that are more long-lasting. For example, losses due to field line curvature scattering are true losses as opposed to temporary (adiabatic) changes. This paper does not contradict those other studies. It has a different objective.
The major problems with this paper are that (a) the methodology is not presented with enough detail to understand how the authors actually analyzed the data and (b) the methodology itself appears responsible for the results that are presented.
Specifically, the authors present formulas that they claim quantify the changes in flux due to adibatict processes that preserve mu and L. Those are listed in equations 1-4 which represent the flux during the storm (subscript m) as a function of flux prior to the storm (subscript p). The two are related by three variables: Energy, L-shell, and Magnetic field strength. The variables during and prior to the storm are represented by _p and _m.
The first problem is that the equations that relate E_m to E_p and L_m to L_p are not given so the quantities in figure 3 cannot be verified.
The second problem is that figure 3 plots E_p, L_p, and j_p as a function of time for fixed values of L_m and E_m. Surely it should be the other way around. For a given pre-storm condition (_p) the quantities during the storm (_m) are a function of time. It is not at all helpful to present it in terms of the "pre-storm" conditions vary as a function of time during the storm.
The third, and biggest, problem is that the relationship between all of the variables (e.g. L_p to L_m, E_p to E_M) are all a function of B_p/B_m. Since B == B_dip +dB and dB = -symH (for symH<0) then all of the pre-storm and storm-time variables are related to one another as a function of dB == -symH. This can be seen very cleaerly in figure 3 where all predicted variables follow every bump and wiggle of symH.
For true calculations of adiabatic effects the radial gradients of PSD are critical (as is the second invariant which is ignored here). For example, a flat radial gradient produces no change in flux when B changes. This analysis simply samples the fluxes (j_p) at different values of L and E that are related to an arbitrarily-chosen value of L_m and E_m where the relationship is defined by symH. It is a totology to conclude that adiabatic changes (defined by dB == -symH) "explain" the flux variations.
The brief discussion of phase space density in section 3.3 does not contain enough information to know what the authors have done or what is being plotted in figure 6. Is the PSD at fixed third invariant (L*)? If so, what L*? It is currently impossibe to know if the PSD results support the preceding conclusions or not.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2021-4-RC1 -
AC1: 'reply on RC1', Z.H. He, 25 Mar 2021
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://angeo.copernicus.org/preprints/angeo-2021-4/angeo-2021-4-AC1-supplement.pdf
-
AC1: 'reply on RC1', Z.H. He, 25 Mar 2021
-
RC2: 'Comment on angeo-2021-4', Anonymous Referee #2, 27 Feb 2021
I apologize to the authors and the editor for waiting until the very last minute to submit my review, especially since the other reviewer was so prompt.
Substantive comments:
Line 35: Should “proton loss events” be “proton loss events at [specific energy range]”, in contrast to the “energies of MeVs” previously studied?
Section 2.1 on the data is extremely short. Are the data to be used selected in any way (pitch angle, closeness to the equator, …), or are all data in a given time period just averaged together? What energy ranges will be used?
Line 87: probably “proton conservation” -> “particle’s conservation” generally, as electrons are referenced in the preceding sentence
Line 93: The authors should make clear the particular definition of L (L*, McIlwain L, simple geometric result for drift orbit radius divided by Earth radius) by which the data will be sorted and labeled.
Line 96: “During the storm time” -> “During the storm main phase”; likewise on line 98
Equation 1: This is the only time J = 0 is mentioned; are only data that have B/Beq close to unity kept for analysis, or are all data around each orbit simply considered to be equatorial?
Line 118: Should mention T89c here to link it with the Tsyganenko et al. (1989) reference; most readers will know that’s what is meant, but not all.
Line 120: perhaps “predicted magnetic field along the RBSP-A orbit from T89c …”
Line 121: It would be good to identify which instrument aboard RBSP-A provided the measured magnetic field magnitude.
Lines 133-134: Why use SYM-H instead of Dst, if Dst is the parameter used in the definition of the modified dipole model (equation 4)?
Lines 152-153: I’m not sure of the time intervals reported by the two references, but might increases in proton flux be due to solar modulation of the CRAND sources and losses rather than “steady inward diffusion”?
Figure 2(a): What energy is shown in this L profile?
Lines 155-156: The meaning of “the month average data which do not exclude the four year trend of proton fluxes” is not clear to me.
Lines 161-162: Ah – here we find the relationship between the data and the magnetic equator. Perhaps back in section 2.1 it would be good to say that “proton fluxes are projected to the equator based on the pitch-angle distributions fitted by Xu et al. (2019)” or something.
Lines 163-164: It is not clear how to “find j(Ep, Lp;tp) based on the quiet time flux profile”. Figure 2(a) gives the L dependence at an unlabeled energy, and figure 2(b) gives the E dependence at L=2, in all cases with values differing by a factor of two in places for three different times. Which time is selected? Are the profiles assumed to be separable (that is, j(E,L) = A(E) * B(L) with A & B given by the panels of figure 2), or is there a database from which these are sampled?
Line 172: By “recovered by 75%,” do you mean 75% of the way back to zero, or to -15nT?
Figure 3: Panel labels “(a) Lp” etc. are very small; also, the labels in the figure and the caption are a-j, whereas in the main text they are referred to as a and a’, b and b’, etc.
Lines 179-180: The sentence describing panels 3c and 3c’ appears to refer to fixed values of Ep = 21.25 MeV and 27.6 MeV, but the previous sentence refers to calculation of a time-varying Ep corresponding to each of two fixed values of Em. Since the observations in panels 3d and 3d’ are presumably each for a fixed energy Em, does that mean that panels 3c and 3c’ are fluxes for time-varying Ep and Lp?
Line 189: The data “slightly deviate” from the calculated fluxes; but the red points jump up and down from one to the next by an amount that exceeds the difference between the red dots and black curves. Might this be due to orbit/attitude interactions that are incompletely corrected for when data are projected to the magnetic equator? Can you estimate the magnitude of this error?
Line 208: As per line 189, do the systematic errors in the data allow the conclusion that “some non-adiabatic loss mechanisms [must] exist”?
Figure 6: Panels d and e are labeled with both an energy and a mu/J combination. The energy of a fixed mu and J will vary with magnetic conditions; are the phase space densities in each panel calculated from the flux measured at that time-varying energy (with the label giving the energy of that mu/J channel during quiet times), or are they simply the fluxes at the constant labeled energy scaled to a phase space density?
Typographical suggestions:
In general, the paper would benefit from a thorough proofreading for language. A few instances that I noted in passing:
Lines 19-20: “support adiabatic effects controls the varication” -> “support adiabatic effects controlling the variation”
Line 56: intensive -> intense
Line 98: conversation -> conservation
Line 110: momentums -> momenta
Line 212: “could not be” -> “should not be”
Line 242: “high-correlation” -> “high correlation”
Line 244: maintains -> remains
Line 245 “support our results form” -> “supports our results from”
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2021-4-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Z.H. He, 25 Mar 2021
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://angeo.copernicus.org/preprints/angeo-2021-4/angeo-2021-4-AC2-supplement.pdf
-
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Z.H. He, 25 Mar 2021
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