Daytime twin-peak structures, also known as bite-out or diurnal double-maxima structures, are ionospheric phenomena in which the diurnal ionospheric trend shows two peaks (instead of the normal one) during the daytime. This study reports on first simultaneous observations of these structures in the Global Positioning System and ionosonde measurements from the southern African and European middle-latitude stations during a mostly quiet geomagnetic condition period of 8–13 April 2012.

We have analysed the magnetic field measurements performed on the ROSETTA orbiter and the lander PHILAE during PHILAE's descent to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko on 12 November 2014. We observed a new type of low-frequency wave with amplitudes of ~ 3 nT, frequencies of 20–50 mHz, wavelengths of ~ 300 km, and propagation velocities of ~ 6 km s⁻¹. The waves are generated in a ~ 100 km region around the comet a show a highly correlated behaviour, which could only be determined by two-point observations.

Long-term monitoring of the amount of water vapour in the lower atmosphere is essential for climate studies. We analysed satellite observations, at hundreds of locations in Central and South America, to look for changes in this parameter over several years. We found evidence of drying of the troposphere in temperate regions, and also evidence of slow moistening over the tropics. Moreover, we openly provide the complete data collection to the scientific community.

The paraboloid model of Saturn’s magnetosphere describes the magnetic field of the planet, the ring current, magnetopause current, and the tail current. The model parameters are determined by comparison with the Cassini magnetic field data from 18 near-equatorial passes that span wide ranges of LT. The best-fit model parameters are employed to determine how the parameters vary with the subsolar distance of the magnetopause, governed by pressure balance at the magnetospheric boundary.