This research explores how hydrogen ions and oxygen ions move and gain energy in Earth’s magnetosphere at high altitudes and latitudes. Using Monte Carlo simulations, predictions of mean particle theory, and corresponding observations, we compared different energy profiles of hydrogen and oxygen ions across polar-wind, aurora, cusp, and central-polar-cap regions. Our findings reveal that unique interactions in each area affect energy gain differently, with implications for future space weather models.

Our study probes how solar-wind disturbances affect cosmic rays on Earth during solar eruptions. Increased cosmic rays during heightened solar wind suggest that turbulence scatters and redistributes them, prolonging intensity. Understanding these effects is crucial for accurate cosmic-ray data interpretation.

In this work, the investigation of Rossby-Khantadze waves with sheared zonal flows in E-ionosphere is presented. The spatially inhomogeneous Earth's angular velocity and background magnetic field are considered. The field inhomogeneity makes the coupling of Rossby and Khantadze waves. The numerical work of obtained linear frequencies is done. By using the method of multiple scale, we obtained a new Boussinesq nonlinear equation. Also, we obtain the travelling solitary structures.

We use NO column density data from the Syowa station in Antarctica from 2012–2017. We compare these ground-based radiometer observations with results from a global atmosphere model to understand the year-to-year and day-to-day variability, shortcomings of current electron forcing, and how geomagnetic storms are driving the variability of NO. Our results demonstrate an underestimation in the magnitude of day-to-day variability in simulations, which calls for improved electron forcing in models.

This study explores the influence of temperature anisotropy and kappa-distributed suprathermal particles on electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave propagation in a multi-ion magnetospheric plasma. Results show that higher anisotropy enhances wave growth, while an increasing kappa value suppresses it, leading to thermalization. These findings have key implications for radiation belt electron loss and space weather modeling. Future work should incorporate nonlinear effects and observational validation.

Traveling ionospheric disturbances are plasma density fluctuations usually driven by atmospheric gravity waves in the neutral atmosphere. The aim of this study is to attribute multi-instrument observations of traveling ionospheric disturbances to gravity waves generated in the upper atmosphere at high latitudes or gravity waves generated by tropospheric weather systems at midlatitudes.

Interplanetary shock waves are one of the major forms of heliospheric transients that can have a profound impact on solar wind plasma and magnetic field conditions and accelerate charged particles to high energies. This work performs an extensive statistical analysis to detail how some of the key solar wind turbulence parameters, critical for understanding particle acceleration, are modified by the interplanetary shocks waves.

Flux ropes are peculiar structures of twisted magnetic field occurring in many regions of space, near Earth and other planets, at the Sun, and in astrophysical objects. We developed a new way of detecting flux ropes in large supercomputer simulations of near-Earth space, and we use it to follow the evolution of flux ropes for long distances past the Earth in the flow direction. This will be useful in future studies as these flux ropes are involved in the transport of matter and energy in space.

The study makes use of magnetic field data from the closely spaced Swarm A and C spacecraft during the counter-rotating orbit phase. It allows investigating the spatial and temporal correlation lengths of small-scale and mesoscale FAC (field-aligned current) structures at auroral latitudes. Stationarity features of small-scale FACs (10–50 km scale size) are temporal length < 18 s and correlation length < 12 km. For mesoscale FACs (75–220 km scales) we obtain a stability of > 40 s and correlation length > 20 km.