Preprints
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2024-23
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2024-23
05 Nov 2024
 | 05 Nov 2024
Status: this preprint is currently under review for the journal ANGEO.

Evaluating F10.7 and F30 Radio Fluxes as Long-Term Solar Proxies of Energy Deposition in the Thermosphere

Liying Qian and Kalevi Mursula

Abstract. We use model simulations and observations to examine how well the F10.7 and F30 solar radio fluxes represent solar forcing in the thermosphere during the last 60 years of weakening solar activity. We found that increased saturation of radio fluxes during the last two extended solar minima leads to an overestimation of solar energy deposition, which manifests as a change in the linear relation between thermospheric parameters and F10.7. On the other hand, the linear relation between thermospheric parameters and F30 remains nearly the same throughout the whole studied period because of a recently found relative increase of F30 with respect to F10.7. This explains the earlier finding that F30 correlates better with several ionospheric and thermospheric parameters than F10.7 during the last decades. We note that continued evaluation is needed to see how well F10.7 and F30 will serve as solar proxies in the future when solar activity may start increasing toward the next grand maximum.

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Liying Qian and Kalevi Mursula

Status: open (until 22 Dec 2024)

Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse
  • RC1: 'Comment on angeo-2024-23', Anonymous Referee #1, 10 Nov 2024 reply
    • AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Liying Qian, 03 Dec 2024 reply
  • RC2: 'Comment on angeo-2024-23', Anonymous Referee #2, 02 Dec 2024 reply
    • AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Liying Qian, 03 Dec 2024 reply
  • RC3: 'Comment on angeo-2024-23', Anonymous Referee #1, 03 Dec 2024 reply
    • AC3: 'Reply on RC3', Liying Qian, 03 Dec 2024 reply
Liying Qian and Kalevi Mursula
Liying Qian and Kalevi Mursula

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Short summary
We study how well the F10.7 and F30 solar radio fluxes represent solar energy input in the thermosphere during the last 60 years. We found that increased saturation of radio fluxes at recent solar minima leads to an overestimation of solar energy, which change the relation between thermospheric parameters and F10.7, but this is not an issue for F30 because of a relative increase of F30 with respect to F10.7. This explains why F30 has been found to represent solar energy better than F10.7.