the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
26 Jan 2021
26 Jan 2021
Predictability of the variable solar-terrestrial coupling
- 1Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
- 2Department of Space Science and Engineering, Center for Astronautical Physics and Engineering, National Central University, Taiwan
- 3Department of Physics, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- 4Heliophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- 5Solar-Terrestrial Department, Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation of RAS (IZMIRAN), Moscow, 108840, Russia
- 6Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- 7Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- 8National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- 9GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany
- 10IISER, Kolkata, India
- 11Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- 12Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- 13LATMOS, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- 14School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- 15Hellenic Space Center, Athens, Greece
- 16Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- 17Christian-Albrechts Universität, Kiel, Germany
- 1Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
- 2Department of Space Science and Engineering, Center for Astronautical Physics and Engineering, National Central University, Taiwan
- 3Department of Physics, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- 4Heliophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- 5Solar-Terrestrial Department, Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation of RAS (IZMIRAN), Moscow, 108840, Russia
- 6Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- 7Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- 8National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- 9GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany
- 10IISER, Kolkata, India
- 11Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- 12Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- 13LATMOS, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- 14School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- 15Hellenic Space Center, Athens, Greece
- 16Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- 17Christian-Albrechts Universität, Kiel, Germany
Abstract. In October 2017, the Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Physics (SCOSTEP) Bureau established a committee for the design of SCOSTEP's Next Scientific Program (NSP). The NSP committee members and authors of this paper, decided from the very beginning of their deliberations that the predictability of the Sun-Earth System from a few hours to centuries is a timely scientific topic, combining the interests of different topical communities in a relevant way. Accordingly, the NSP was christened PRESTO – Predictability of the variable Solar-Terrestrial coupling. This paper presents a detailed account of PRESTO; we show the key milestones of the PRESTO roadmap for the next five years, review the current state of the art and discuss future studies required for the most effective development of solar-terrestrial physics.
Ioannis A. Daglis et al.
Status: final response (author comments only)
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RC1: 'Comment on angeo-2020-94', Anonymous Referee #1, 30 Mar 2021
This review paper aims to introduce the next scientific program (NSP) of SCOSTEP. Title of the NSP is Predictability of the variable Solar-Terrestrial coupling (PRESTO). This paper is well written as it follows detailed discussions by the SCOSTEP members. This reviewer has no major comments, and recommends publication of this paper. Followings are minor comments from the reviewer, which may be considered while refining the paper before publication. I attach comments by the supplement PDF file.
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AC2: 'Reply on RC1', Ioannis A. Daglis, 16 Jun 2021
We thank the reviewer for the kind words and for the detailed comments, which have helped us to improve the manuscript considerably. The reviewer is absolutely correct in that we need many following papers that will propose concrete research action plans with quantitative targets to answer the questions of PRESTO.
Best regards
Ioannis A. Daglis, on behalf of all authors
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AC2: 'Reply on RC1', Ioannis A. Daglis, 16 Jun 2021
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RC2: 'Comment on angeo-2020-94', Anonymous Referee #2, 21 Apr 2021
This review paper is well written, informative and timely in its content –especially as interest in space weather science and applications has grown, and on the approach to a new solar maximum.
This referee found the different sections of the review useful, as they were clearly written by experts in their fields. It was particularly good to see that for the most part they included efforts to paint the bigger picture of their areas- generally describing details in that context so a reader could understand why specific details are important. The one exception to this pattern was the discussion of solar energetic particles and shocks, which seemed to dive into details of still active research without having described present understanding and major open questions as a framework. For example, the locations/sources of the important energization processes (flares (reconnection? Waves?) vs. DSA at the interplanetary shocks are still not well sorted out. The importance of suprathermal seed particle populations from small flares, CIRs and previous solar events, of ion composition information, of whether a shock is even necessary for DSA (or is compression sufficient?). Laying the big issues out seems more appropriate in this review than particular authors’ specific ideas on details. Then there are the issues associated with the interplanetary transport and the shocks themselves. There is a mix of scatter free and diffusive transport inferred from observations. How can the conditions for these be sorted out? What about coronal/near Sun SEP processes-do the sources map back to flare sites or shocks there? What do we know about the coronal shocks vs interplanetary shocks and what more could/should be learned? What do we know about the shock properties both at their onset and as they travel outward (e.g. their shape, shock normal, associated waves)? What do we still need to know and why does it matter? Finally the interest in GLE generation should be mentioned together with what makes a GLE happen in the first place.
As for discussions in the other sections-these additional questions/comments/suggestions came to mind while reading:
1-There are observational needs as well as knowledge needs. Should the former be explicitly mentioned?
- The slow solar wind is increasingly found to have much structure-especially in the vicinity of the HCS and stream boundaries. What impacts does this have across the board of the space weather questions? For example Old thinking was that the magnetosphere is a low pass filter-responding mainly to larger scales- with the exception of shocks and HCS crossings. But waves/fluctuations couple into the system in various ways (certain pulsations, cusp entry, etc). What do models and modelers have to worry about including to achieve various goals?
- Regarding the climate connection. There did not seem to be much discussion about the cloud cover hypothesis of sun-climate coupling. While this mechanisms seems to be in disfavor, is it sufficiently interesting that the question should be kept open? Likewise for other aerosol effects like those from dust.
- I thought the occasional mention of the importance of ‘memory’/preconditioning in the various areas was important. Should this be called out somewhere as an overarching question/challenge to include?
- Finally, while I like the idea of noting key points at the end- this brings up the question as to whether the sections also each need key points. In any case a more uniform treatment of key points in the sections might be helpful, and/or restricting the concluding key points to over-arching themes rather than specific areas. Putting the latter in a box/table to highlight may also help. In addition, rather than ending the paper on key points, a paragraph describing/summarizing the plan of action going forward would be good.
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AC1: 'Reply on RC2', Ioannis A. Daglis, 16 Jun 2021
We are grateful for the constructive comments of the reviewer. We agree with all suggestions and we have implemented most of them in the text and believe that it has improved considerably. With regard to the last suggestion on "adding a paragraph describing the plan of action going forward", we regret that this was not part of the mandate of the NSP committee and therefore it had not been addressed. It remains to be published by the teams who now have the responsibility of the PRESTO implementation.
With best regards
Ioannis A. Daglis, on behalf of all authors
Ioannis A. Daglis et al.
Ioannis A. Daglis et al.
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