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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ANGEO</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Annales Geophysicae</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ANGEO</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Ann. Geophys.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1432-0576</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/angeo-31-1011-2013</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>A comparison of bow shock models with Cluster observations during low Alfvén Mach number magnetic clouds</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Turc</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7576-3251</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Fontaine</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4348-2623</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Savoini</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hietala</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kilpua</surname>
<given-names>E. K. J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>LPP, Ecole Polytechnique-CNRS-UPMC, route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>now at: Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>11</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>31</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>1011</fpage>
<lpage>1019</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2013 L. Turc et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2013</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/31/1011/2013/angeo-31-1011-2013.html">This article is available from https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/31/1011/2013/angeo-31-1011-2013.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/31/1011/2013/angeo-31-1011-2013.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/31/1011/2013/angeo-31-1011-2013.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Magnetic clouds (MCs) are very geoeffective solar wind structures. Their
properties in the interplanetary medium have been extensively studied, yet
little is known about their characteristics in the Earth&apos;s magnetosheath. The
Cluster spacecraft offer the opportunity to observe MCs in the magnetosheath,
but before MCs reach the magnetosphere, their structure is altered when they
interact with the terrestrial bow shock (BS). The physics taking place at the
BS strongly depends on &amp;Theta;&lt;sub&gt;Bn&lt;/sub&gt;, the angle between the shock
normal and the interplanetary magnetic field. However, in situ observations
of the BS during an MC&apos;s crossing are seldom available. In order to relate
magnetosheath observations to solar wind conditions, we need to rely on a
model to determine the shock&apos;s position and normal direction. Yet during MCs,
the models tend to be less accurate, because the Alfvén Mach number
(&lt;I&gt;M&lt;/I&gt;&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;) is often significantly lower than in regular solar wind.
On the contrary, the models are generally optimised for high &lt;I&gt;M&lt;/I&gt;&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;
conditions. In this study, we compare the predictions of four widely used
models available in the literature (Wu et al., 2000; Chapman and Cairns, 2003; Jeřáb et al., 2005; Měrka et al., 2005b) to Cluster&apos;s dayside BS crossings
observed during five MC events. Our analysis shows that the
&amp;Theta;&lt;sub&gt;Bn&lt;/sub&gt; angle is well predicted by all four models. On the
other hand, the Jeřáb et al. (2005) model yields the best estimates of the BS
position during low &lt;I&gt;M&lt;/I&gt;&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt; MCs. The other models locate the BS
either too far from or too close to Earth. The results of this paper can
be directly used to estimate the BS parameters in all studies of MC
interaction with Earth&apos;s magnetosphere.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="9"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
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