<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ANGEO</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Annales Geophysicae</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ANGEO</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Ann. Geophys.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1432-0576</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/angeo-27-3705-2009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>The sensitivity of tropical convective precipitation to the direct radiative forcings of black carbon aerosols emitted from major regions</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Center for Global Change Study and the Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>02</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>27</volume>
<issue>10</issue>
<fpage>3705</fpage>
<lpage>3711</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2009 C. Wang</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2009</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/27/3705/2009/angeo-27-3705-2009.html">This article is available from https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/27/3705/2009/angeo-27-3705-2009.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/27/3705/2009/angeo-27-3705-2009.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/27/3705/2009/angeo-27-3705-2009.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Previous works have suggested that the direct radiative forcing (DRF) of
black carbon (BC) aerosols are able to force a significant change in
tropical convective precipitation ranging from the Pacific and Indian Ocean
to the Atlantic Ocean. In this in-depth analysis, the sensitivity of this
modeled effect of BC on tropical convective precipitation to the emissions
of BC from 5 major regions of the world has been examined. In a zonal mean
base, the effect of BC on tropical convective precipitation is a result of a
displacement of ITCZ toward the forcing (warming) hemisphere. However, a
substantial difference exists in this effect associated with BC over
different continents. The BC effect on convective precipitation over the
tropical Pacific Ocean is found to be most sensitive to the emissions from
Central and North America due to a persistent presence of BC aerosols from
these two regions in the lowermost troposphere over the Eastern Pacific. The
BC effect over the tropical Indian and Atlantic Ocean is most sensitive to
the emissions from South as well as East Asia and Africa, respectively.
Interestingly, the summation of these individual effects associated with
emissions from various regions mostly exceeds their actual combined effect
as shown in the model run driven by the global BC emissions, so that they
must offset each other in certain locations and a nonlinearity of this type
of effect is thus defined. It is known that anthropogenic aerosols contain
many scattering-dominant constituents that might exert an effect opposite to
that of absorbing BC. The combined aerosol forcing is thus likely differing
from the BC-only one. Nevertheless, this study along with others of its kind
that isolates the DRF of BC from other forcings provides an insight of the
potentially important climate response to anthropogenic forcings
particularly related to the unique particulate solar absorption.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="7"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Broccoli, A. J., Dahl, K. A., and Stouffer, R. J.: Response of the ITCZ to Northern Hemisphere cooling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L01702, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024546, 2006.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Chung, S. H. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Climate response of direct radiative forcing of anthropogenic black carbon, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D11102, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005441, 2005.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Chung, C. E. and Ramanathan, V.: South Asian haze forcing: Remote impacts with implications to ENSO and AO, J. Climate, 16, 1791–1806, 2003.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Emanuel, K. A., Neelin, J. D., and Bretherton, C. S.: On large-scale circulations in convecting atmospheres, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 120, 1111–1143, 1994.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Menon, S., Hansen, J., Nazarenko, L., and Luo, Y.: Climate effects of black carbon aerosols in China and India, Science, 297, 2250–2253, 2002.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Hansen, J., Sato, M., Ruedy, R., Lacis, A., and Oinas, V.: Climate forcings in the Industrial Era, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 9875–9880, 1998.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Haywood, J. M. and Ramaswamy, V.: Global sensitivity studies of the direct radiative forcing due to anthropogenic sulfate and black carbon aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 6043–6058, 1998.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Kang, S. M.,  Held, I. M., Frierson, D. M. W., and Zhao, M.: The response of the ITCZ to extratropical thermal forcing: Idealized slab-ocean experiments with a GCM, J. Climate, 21, 3521–3532, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI2146.1, 2008.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Kiehl, J. T., Hack, J. J., Bonan, G. B., Boville, B. A., Williams, D. L., and Rasch, P. J.: The National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model: CCM3, J. Climate, 11, 1131–1149, 1998.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Ramanathan, V., Crutzen, P. J., Lelieveld, J., et al.: Indian Ocean Experiment: An integrated analysis of the climate forcing and effects of the great Indo-Asian haze, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28371–28398, 2001.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Randall, D. A., Wood, R. A., Bony, S., Colman, R., Fichefet, T., Fyfe, J., Kattsov, V., Pitman, A., Shukla, J., Srinivasan, J., Stouffer, R. J., Sumi, A., and Taylor, K. E.: Cilmate Models and Their Evaluation, in: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2007.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Roberts, D. L. and Jones, A.: Climate sensitivity to black carbon aerosol from fossil fuel combustion, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D16202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004676, 2004.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Rotstayn, L. D. and Lohmann, U.: Tropical Rainfall Trends and the Indirect Aerosol Effect, J. Climate, 15, 2103–2116, 2002.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Satheesh, S. K. and Ramanathan, V.: Large differences in tropical aerosol forcing at the top of the atmosphere and Earth&apos;s surface, Nature, 405, 60–63, 2000.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Wang, C.: A modeling study on the climate impacts of black carbon aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D03106, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004084, 2004.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Wang, C.: Impact of direct radiative forcing of black carbon aerosols on tropical convective precipitation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L05709, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028416, 2007.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>