References

ANGEO

Annales Geophysicae

ANGEO

Ann. Geophys.

1432-0576

Copernicus Publications

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/angeo-26-117-2008

30 MHz radar observations of artificial E region field-aligned plasma irregularities

Hysell

D. L.

Earth and Atmospheric Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

04 02 2008

26 1 117 129

2008

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

This article is available from https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/26/117/2008/angeo-26-117-2008.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/26/117/2008/angeo-26-117-2008.pdf

Artificial E region field aligned irregularities (FAIs) have been observed during heating experiments at the HAARP facility using a new 30 MHz coherent scatter radar imager deployed near Homer, Alaska. Irregularities were observed during brief experiments on three quiet days in July and August, 2007, when the daytime E region critical frequency was close to 3 MHz. Irregularities were consistently generated and detected during experiments with O-mode HF pumping on zenith with a 1-min on, 1-min off CW modulation. The scattering cross sections, rise, and fall times of the echoes were observed as well as their spectral properties. Results were found to be mainly in agreement with observations from other mid- and high-latitude sites with some discrepancies. Radar images of the irregularity-filled volume on one case exhibited clear variations in backscatter power and Doppler shift across the volume. The images furthermore show the emergence of a small irregularity-filled region to the south southwest of the main region in the approximate direction of magnetic zenith.

References 1

Bahcivan, H., Hysell, D L., Larsen, M F., and Pfaff, R F.: 30 MHz imaging radar observations of auroral irregularities during the JOULE campaign, J. Geophys. Res.\/, 110, A05307\/, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010975, 2005.

Belenov, A F., Bubnov, A., Erukhimov, L. M., et~al.: Parameters of artificial small-scale ionospheric irregularities, Radiophys. Quantum Electron.\/, 20\/, 1805, 1977 (engl. Transl).

Bond, G E., Robinson, T R., Eglitis, P., Wright, D., Stocker, A., Rietveld, M., and Jones, T.: Spatial observations by the CUTLASS coherent scatter radar of ionospheric modification by high power radio waves, Ann. Geophys.\/, 15\/, 1412–1421, 1997.

Coster, A J., Djuth, F T., Jost, R J., and Gordon, W E.: The temporal evolution of 3-m striations in the modified ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res.\/, 90\/, 2807–2818, 1985.

Das, A C. and Fejer, J A.: Resonance instability of small-scale field-aligned irregularities, J. Geophys. Res.\/, 84\/, 6701–6704, 1979.

Djuth, F T., Pedersen, T R., Gerkin, E A., Bernhardt, P A., Selcher, C A., Bristow, W A., and Kosch, M J.: Ionospheric modification at twice the electron cyclotron frequency, Phys. Rev. Lett.\/, 94\/, 125 001-1-4, 2005.

Djuth, F T., Jost, R. J., Noble, S. T., et~al.: Observations of \em E region irregularities generated at auroral latitudes by a high-power radio wave, J. Geophys. Res.\/, 1985.

Dsythe, K., Mj\o lhus, E., Pesceli, H., and Rypdal, K.: Thermal cavitons, Phys. Scr. T.\/, 2\/, 548–559, 1982.

Dsythe, K., Mj\o lhus, E., Pesceli, H., and Rypdal, K.: A thermal oscillating two-stream instability, Phys. Fluids\/, 26\/, 146, 1983.

Eglitis, P., Robinson, T R., Rietveld, M T., Wright, D M., and Bond, G E.: The phase speed of artificial field-aligned irregularities observed by CUTLASS during HF modification of the auroral ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res.\/, 103, 2253–2259, 1998.

Fialer, P A.: Field-aligned scattering from a heated region of the ionosphere – Observations at HF and VHF, Radio Sci.\/, 9\/, 923–940, 1974.

Frank, V R.: E-region scatter observed at Haswell, Colorado, in Proceedings of the Prarie Smoke V RF Measurements Data Workshop\/, p 75, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif., 1974.

Frey, A.: The observation of HF-enhanced plasma waves with the EISCAT/UHF-radar in the presence of strong Landau-damping, Geophys. Res. Lett.\/, 13\/, 438–441, 1986.

Frolov, V L., Erukhimov, L M., Metelev, S A., and Sergeev, E N.: Temporal behavior of artificial small-scale ionospheric irregularities: review of experimental results, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys.\/, 18\/, 2317–2333, 1997.

Grach, S., Mityakov, N., Rapoport, V., and Trakhtengertz, V.: Thermal parametric turbulence in a plasma, Physica\/, D, 2\/, 102–106, 1981.

Grach, S M., Karashtin, A N., Mityzkov, N A., Rapoport, V O., and Trakhtengerts, V Y.: Parametric interactions between electromagnetic radiation and ionospheric plasma, Radiophys. Quantum Electron.\/, 20\/, 1254–1258, 1977 (engl. Transl.).

Grach, S M., Karashtin, A N., Mityzkov, N A., Rapoport, V O., and Trakhtengerts, V Y.: Theory of thermal parametric instability in an inhomogenous plasma, Sov. J. Plasma Phys.\/, 4\/, 737–741, 1978 (engl. Transl.).

Haslett, J C. and Megill, L R.: A model of the enhanced airglow excited by RF radiation, Radio Sci.\/, 9\/, 1005–1019, 1974.

Hedberg, Å., Derblom, H., and Thidé, B.: Observations of HF backscatter associated with the heating experiment at Troms\o, Radio Sci.\/, 18\/, 840–850, 1983.

Hedberg, Å., Derblom, H., Hamberg, G., Thidé, B., Kopka, H., and Stubbe, P.: Measurements of HF backscatter cross section for striations created by ionospheric heating at different power levels, Radio Sci.\/, 21\/, 117–125, 1986.

Hibberd, F H., Nielsen, E., Stubbe, P., Kopka, H., and Rietveld, M T.: Production of auroral zone \em E region irregularities by powerful HF heating, J. Geophys. Res.\/, 88\/, 6347–6351, 1983.

Hibberd, F H., Nielsen, E., Stubbe, P., Kopka, H., and Rietveld, M T.: Correction to "Production of auroral zone \em E region irregularities by powerful HF heating", J. Geophys. Res.\/, 89\/, 11 061–11 062, 1984.

Hughes, J M., Bristow, W A., Parries, R T., and Lundell, E.: SuperDARN observations of ionospheric heater-induced upper hybrid waves, Geophys. Res. Lett.\/, 1185, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018772, 2003.

Hysell, D L. and Chau, J L.: Optimal aperture synthesis radar imaging, Radio Sci.\/, 41\/, RS2003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005RS003383, 2006.

Hysell, D L., Larsen, M F., and Zhou, Q H.: Common volume coherent and incoherent scatter radar observations of mid-latitude sporadic \em E-layers and QP echoes, Ann. Geophys.\/, 22\/, 3277–3290, 2004.

Inhester, B.: Thermal modulation of the plasma density in ionospheric heating experiments, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys.\/, 44\/, 1049–1059, 1982.

Isham, B., Rietveld, M., Hagfors, T., LaHoz, C., Mishin, E., Kofman, W., and van Eyken, T L A.: Aspect angle dependence of HF enhanced ionospheric backscatter, Adv. Space Res.\/, 24(8)\/, 1003–1006, 1999.

Kosch, M J., Pedersen, T., Hughes, J., Marshall, R., Gerken, E., Senior, A., Sentman, D., McCarrick, M., and Djuth, F T.: Artificial optical emissions at HAARP for pump frequencies near the third and second electron gyro-harmonic, Ann. Geophys.\/, 23\/, 1585–1592, 2005.

Minkoff, J. and Kreppel, R.: Spectral analysis and step response to radio frequency scattering from a heated ionospheric volume, J. Geophys. Res.\/, 81\/, 2844–2856, 1976.

Mishin, E V., Burke, W J., and Pedersen, T.: On the onset of HF-induced airglow at HAARP, J. Geophys. Res.\/, 109\/, A02305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JA010205, 2004.

Mishin, E V., Kosch, M J., Pedersen, T R., and Burke, W J.: HF-induced airglow at magnetic zenith: Thermal and parametric instabilities near electron gyroharmonics, Geophys. Res. Lett.\/, 32\/, L23106, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023864, 2005.

Noble, S T.: Multiple-frequency radar observations of high-latitude \em E region irregularities in the HF modified ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res.\/, 92\/, 13 613–13 627, 1987.

Pedersen, T., McCarrick, M., Gerken, E., Selcher, C., Sentman, D., and Gurevich, H C A.: Magnetic zenith enhancement of HF radio-induced airglow production at HAARP, Geophys. Res. Lett.\/, 1169\/, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016096, 2003.

Rietveld, M., Kosch, M., Blagoveshchenskaya, N., Kornienko, V., Leyser, T., and Yoeman, T.: Ionospheric electron heating, optical emissions and striations induced by powerful HF radio waves at high latitudes: Aspect angle dependence, J. Geophys. Res.\/, 108\/, 1141, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009543, 2003.

Robinson, T R.: The heating of the high latitude ionosphere by high power radio waves, Phys. Rep.\/, 179(2)\/, 79–209, 1989.

Robinson, T R., Honary, F., Stocker, A., and Jones, T B.: Factors influencing the heating of the auroral electrojet by high power radio waves, Adv. Space Res.\/, 15\/, 41–44, 1995.

Robinson, T R., Bond, G., Eglitis, P., Honary, F., and Rietveld, M T.: RF heating in a strong auroral electrojet, Adv. Space Res.\/, 21\/, 689–692, 1998.

Robinson, T R., Yeoman, T K., Dhillon, R S., Lester, M., Thomas, E C., Thornhill, J D., Wright, D M., van Eyken, A P., and McCrea, I.: First observations of SPEAR induced artificial backscatter from CUTLASS and the EISCAT Svalbard radar, Ann. Geophys.\/, 24\/, 291–309, 2006.

Senior, A., Borisov, N D., Kosch, M J., Yeoman, T K., Honary, F., and Rietveld, M T.: Milti-frequency HF radar measurements of artificial F-region field-aligned irregularities, Ann. Geophys.\/, 22\/, 3503–3511, 2004.

Stubbe, P., Kopka, H., Lauche, H., et~al.: Ionospheric modification experiments in northern Scandanavia, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys.\/, 44\/, 1025–1041, 1982.

Vas'kov, V V. and Gurevich, A V.: Nonlinear resonant instability of a plasma in the field of an ordinary electromagnetic wave, Sov. Phys. JETP\/, 42\/, 91–97, 1975 (engl. Transl.).

Vas'kov, V V. and Gurevich, A V.: Resonance instability of small-scale plasma perturbations, Sov. Phys. JETP Engl. Trans.\/, 46\/, 487, 1977.

Yampolski, Y M., Beley, V S., Kascheev, S B., Koloskov, A V., Hysell, D L., Isham, B., and Kelley, M C.: Bistatic HF radar diagnostics of induced field-aligned irregularities, J. Geophys. Res.\/, 102\/, 7461–7467, 1997.