References

ANGEO

Annales Geophysicae

ANGEO

Ann. Geophys.

1432-0576

Copernicus Publications

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/angeo-25-689-2007

On the location and structure of the artificial 630-nm airglow patch over Sura facility

Grach

S. M.

¹ ² Kosch

M. J.

³ ⁴ ⁵ Yashnov

V. A.

¹ Sergeev

E. N.

² Atroshenko

M. A.

¹ Kotov

P. V.

¹ ²

Radiophysics Faculty, State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

Radiophysical Research Institute, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

Communication Systems, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4WA, UK

Honorary Research Fellow, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa

Currently at Space Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Hanscom Air Force Base, MA, USA

29 03 2007

25 3 689 700

2007

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

This article is available from https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/25/689/2007/angeo-25-689-2007.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/25/689/2007/angeo-25-689-2007.pdf

Results are presented of the artificial optical emission of the atomic oxygen red line (the radiation of level O(1D) with a wavelength of 630 nm) from the HF-pumped ionosphere, obtained in September 2004 at the SURA heating facility situated near Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. For vertical pumping the airglow patch was increasingly displaced to the north, up to 7–8°, with increasing reflection altitude. For large brightness of the emission, the airglow patch started to develop at the northern edge of the pump beam and later expanded to the south. These effects are attributed to the precipitation of supra-thermal electrons from the pump wave upper hybrid resonance altitude to lower altitudes where excitation of the O(1D) level is more effective due to the larger density of atomic oxygen, and the O(1D) lifetime is shorter. For a pump beam inclination of 12° to the south, the optical spot was displaced by 4–5° to the south relative to the straight-line projection of the pump beam onto the sky. This exceeds that expected from the ray tracing and may be related, most probably, to the so-called "magnetic zenith" effect. In addition, mid-scale (1–10 km) magnetic field-aligned structures were observed in the pumped volume of the ionosphere. The east-west motions of the airglow patches are also analyzed.

References 1

Adeishvili, T. G., Gurevich, A. V., Lyakhov, S. B., Managadze, G. G., Milikh, G. M., and Shlyuger, I. S.: Ionospheric emission caused by an intense radio wave, Sov. J. Plasma Phys., 4, 721–726, 1978.

Al'ber, Ya. I., Krotova, Z. N., Mityakov, N. A., et al.: Effects of stimulated scattering for an electromagnetic pulse incident on a plasma layer, Sov. Phys. JETP, 39, 275–277, 1974.

Basu, S., Costa, E., Livingston, R. C., Groves, K. M., Carlson, H. C., Chaturvedi, P. K., and Stubbe, P.: Evolution of subkilometer scale ionospheric irregularities generated by high-power HF waves, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 7469–7476, 1997.

Bernhardt, P. A., Tepley, C. A., and Duncan, L. M.: Airglow Enhancements Associated With Plasma Cavities Formed During Ionospheric Heating Experiments, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 9071–9092, 1989a.

Bernhardt P. A., Duncan, L. M., and Tepley, C. A.: Heater-induced cavities as optical tracers of plasma drifts, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 7003–7010, 1989b.

Bernhardt, P A., Scales, W. A., Grach, S M., Karashtin, A. N., Kotik, D. S., and Polyakov, S. V.: Excitation of artificial airglow by high power radio waves from the "Sura" ionospheric heating facility, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 1477–1480, 1991.

Bernhardt, P. A., Wong, M., Huba, J. D., Fejer, B. G., Wagner, L. S., Goldstein, J. A., Selcher, C. A., Folov, V. L., and Sergeev, E. N.: Optical remote sensing of the thermosphere with HF pumped artificial airglow, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 10 657–10 671, 2000.

Carlson, H. C., Wickwar, V. B., and Mantas, G. P.: Observation of fluxes of suprathermal electrons accelerated by HF excited instabilities, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 44, 1089–1100, 1982.

Dimant, Ya. S., Gurevich, A. V., and Zybin, K. P.: Acceleration of Electrons in the Ionosphere Under the Action of Intense Radio Wave Near Electron Cyclotron Harmonics, J Atmos Terr Phys., 54, 435–436, 1992.

Djuth, F. T., Pedersen, T. R., Gerken, E. A., Bernhardt, P. A., Selcher, C. A., Bristow, W. A., and Kosch, M. J.: Ionospheric Modification at Twice the Electron Cyclotron Frequency, Phys. Rev. Lett., 94, 125 001, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.12501, 2005.

Djuth, F. T., Reinisch, B. W., Kitrosser, D. F., Elder, J. H., Lee, S. A., and Sales, G. S.: Imaging HF-induced large-scale irregularities above HAARP, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L04107, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024536, 2006.

DuBois, D. F., Rose, A. H., and Russel, D.: Excitation of strong Langmuir turbulence in plasmas near critical density: Aplication to HF heating of the ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 21 221–21 272, 1990.

Frolov, V. L., Sergeev, E. N., Ermakova, E. N., Komrakov, G. P., and Stubbe, P.: Spectral features of stimulated electromagnetic emissions, measured in the 4.3–9.5 MHz pump wave frequency range, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3103–3106, 2001.

Frolov, V. L., Chugurin, V. V., Komrakov, G. P., Mityakov, N. A., Myasnikov, E. N., Rapoport, V. O., Sergeev, E. N., Uryadov, V. P., Vybornov, F. I., Ivanov, V. A., Shumaev, V. V., Nasyrov, A. M., Nasyrov, I. A., and Groves, K. M.: Study of large-scale irregularities generated in the ionospheric F-region by high-power HF waves, Izv. vuzov. Radiofizika, 43, no 6, 497–519, 2000 (Radiophys. Quantum Electron., Engl. Transl. 43, no. 6, 2000.)

Grach, S. M., Karashtin, A. N., Mityakov, N. A., Rapoport, V. O., and Trakhtengertz, V. Yu.: Parametric interaction between electromagnetic radiation and ionospheric plasma, Radiophys. Quantum Electron., Engl. Transl., 20, 1254–1259, 1977.

Grach, S. M., Mityakov, N. A., Rapoport, V. O., and Trakhtengertz, V. Yu.: Thermal parametric turbulence in a plasma, Physica, 2D, 102–106, 1981.

Grach, S. M.: Electromagnetic radiation from artificial ionospheric plasma turbulence, Radiophys. Quantum Electron., 28, 470–477, 1985.

Grach, S. M., Mityakov, N. A., and Trakhtengertz, V. Yu., Electron acceleration and additional ionization at the parametric plasma heating, Fizika plazmy, 12, 693–702, 1986, in Russian, (Sov. Plasma Phys., Engl. Transl., 12, no. 6, 1986).

Grach, S. M., Komrakov, G. P., Shvarts, M. M., and Yurishchev, M. A.: On frequency dependence of probe wave abnormal attenuation prohile modifying the ionosphere by powerful radio emission, Izv.VUZov – Radiofizika, 41, 966–977, 1998, in Russian (Radiophys. Quantum Electron., Engl. Transl., 41, no. 8, 1998).

Grach, S. M.: On kinetic effects in the ionospheric F-region modified by powerful radio waves, Radiophys. Quantum Electron., Engl. Transl., 42, 572–588, 1999.

Grach, S. M., Sergeev, E. N., Nasyrov, A. M., Gumerov, R. I., Shaimukhametov, R. R., Nasyrov, I. A., and Komrakov, G. P.: Simultaneous observations of the 557.7 nm airglow and stimulated electromagnetic emission during HF pumping of the ionosphere with diagnostic schedule: first results, Adv. Space Res., 34, 2422–2427, 2004.

Gumerov, R. I., Kapkov, V. B., Komrakov, G. P., and Nasyrov, A. M.: Artificial ionospheric glow caused by short-term effect of highpower RF radiation, Radiophys. Quantum Electron, 42, 463–465, 1999.

Gurevich, A. V., Dimant, Ya. S., Milikh, G. M., and Vas'kov, V. V.: Multiple acceleration of in the region of high-power radio-wave reflection in the ionosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 47, 1057–1070, 1985.

Gurevich, A. V., Zybin, K. P., Carlson, H. C., and Pedersen, T.: Magnetic zenith effect in ionospheric modification, Phys. Lett., A305, 264–274, 2002.

Gurevich, A. V., Zybin, K. P., and Carlson, H. C.: Magnetic-Zenith Effect, Radiophys. Quantum Electron., Engl. Transl., 48, 686–699, 2005.

Gustavsson, B., Sergienko, T., Rietveld, M. T., Honary, F., Steen, \AA, Brändsröm, B. U. E., Leyser, T. B., Aruliah, A. L., Aso, T., Ejiri, M., and Marple, S.: First Tomographic estimate of volume distribution of HF-pump enhanced airglow emission. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 29 105–29 123, 2001.

Gustavson, B., Sergienko. T., Kosch, M. J., Rietveld M. T., Brändsröm, B U E., Leyser,~T B., Isham B., Gallop,~P., Aso,~T., Ejiri,~M., Grydeland,~T., Steen,~A., LaHoz,~C., Kalia,~K., Jussia,~J., and Holma,~H.: The electron energy distribution during HF pumping, a picture painted with all colors, Ann. Geophys., 23, 1747–1754, 2005.

Haslett, S. C. and Megill, L. R.: A model of enhanced airglow excited by RF radiation, Radio Sci., 9, 1005–1020, 1974.

Istomin, Y. N. and Leyser, T. B.: Parametric interaction of self-localized upper hybrid states in quantized plasma density irregularities, Phys. Plasmas, 5, 921–931, 1998.

Istomin, Ya. N. and Leyser, T. B.: Electron acceleration by cylindrical upper hybrid oscillations trapped in density irregularities in the ionosphere, Phys. Plasmas, 10, 2962–2970, 2003.

Kelley, M. C., Arce, T. L., Salowey, J., Sulzer, M., Armstrong, W. T., Carter, M., and Duncan, L.: Density depletions at the 10-m scale induced by the Arecibo heater, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 17 367–17 376, 1995.

Kosch, M. J., Rietveld, M. T., Hagfors, T., and Leyser, T. B.: High-latitude HF-induced airglow displaced equatorwards of the pump beam, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2817–2820, 2000.

Kosch, M. J., Rietveld, M. T., Yeoman, T. K., Cierpka, K., and Hagfors, T.: The high-latitude artificial aurora of 21 February 1999: An analysis, Advances Polar Upper Atmos. Res., 16, 1–12, 2002a.

Kosch, M. J., Rietveld, M. T., Kavanagh, A. J., Davis, C., Yeoman, T. K., Honary, F., and T. Hagfors: High-latitude pump induced optical emissions for frequencies coose to third electron gyro-harmonic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 2112, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015744, 2002b.

Kosch, M. J., Pedersen, T., Hughes, J., Marshall, R., Gerken, E., Senior,~A., Sentman, D., McCarric, M., and Djuth, F. T.: Artificial optical emission at HAARP for pump frequencies near third and second electron gyro-harmonic, Ann. Geophys., 23, 1585–1592, 2005.

Kuo, S., Lee, M., and Kossey, P.: Excitation of oscillating two stream instability by upper hybrid pump in ionospheric heating experiments at Troms\o, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2969–2972, 1997.

Leyser, T. B., Gustavsson, B., Brändström, B. U., et al.: Simultaneous measurements of high frequency pump-enhanced airglow and ionospheric temperatures in auroral latitudes, Adv. Polar Upper Atmos. Res., 14, 1–11, 2000.

Leyser, T. B.: Stimulated electromagnetic emissions by high frequency electromagnetic pumping of the ionospheric plasma, Space Sci. Rev., 98, 223–328, 2001.

Mantas, G. P. and Carlson, H. C.: Reinterpretation of the 6300 A airglow enhancements observed in ionosphere heating experiments based on analysis of Plattevile, Colorado data, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 195–209, 1996.

Mishin, E. V., Carlson, H. C., and Hagfors, T.: On the electron distribution function in the F region and airglow enhancements during HF modification experiments, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2857–2860, 2000.

Mishin, E. V., Burke, W. J., and Pedersen, T.: On the onset of HF-induced airglow at HAARP. J. Geophys. Res. 109, A02305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JA010205, 2004.

Myasnikov, E. N., Muravjeva, N. V., Sergeev, E. N., Frolov, V. L., Nasyrov, A. M., Nasyrov, I. A., Beley, V. S., Koloskov, A. V., Yampolsky, Yu. M., and Groves, K. M.: Spatial Spectrum of Artificial Ionospheric Irregularities Induced by Powerful HF Radiowaves. Radiophys. Quantum Electron, 44, 833–846, 2001.

Pedersen, T. R. and Carlson, H. C.: First observation of HF heater produced airglow at the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program facility: Thermal excitation and spatial structuring, Radio Sci., 36, 1013–1026, 2001.

Pedersen, T. R., McCarric, M., Gerken, E., Selcher, C., Sentman, D., Carlson, H. C., and Gurevich, A. V.: Magnetic zenith enhancement of HF radio-induced airglow production at HAARP, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, https://doi.org/10/1029/2002GL016096, 2003.

Perkins, F. W., Oberman, C. R., and Valeo, E. J.: Parametric instabilities and ionospheric modifications, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 1478–1483, 1974.

Perkins, F. W. and Valeo, E. J.: Thermal self-focusing of electromagnetic waves in plasmas, Phys. Rev. Lett., 32, 1234–1237, 1974.

Rietveld, M. T., Kosch, M. J., Blagoveshchenskaya, N. F., Kornienko, V. A., Leyser T. B., and Yeoman T. K.: Ionospheric electron heating, optical emission, and striation induced by poewrful HF radi0 waves at high latitudes: Aspect angle dependence, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 1141, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009543, 2003.

Robinson, T. R.: The heating of the high latitude ionosphere by high power radio waves, Physics reports, 179, 79–209, 1989.

Sergeev, E. N. Grach, S. M., Komrakov, G. P., Frolov, V. L., Stubbe, P., Thidé, B., Leyser, T., and Carozzi, T.: Influence of small-scale irregularities on characteristics of the overshoot effect in the temporal evolution of stimulated electromagnetic emission. Part I. Development stage, Radiophys. Quantum Electron., Engl. Transl., 42, 544–556, 1999.

Sergeev, E. N., Grach, S. M., and Kotov, P. V.: Study of the excitation conditions and characteristics of ionospheric plasma turbulence at the development stage of the ponderomotive parametric instability, Radiophys. Quantum Electron, 47, 185–204, 2004.

Sergeev, E. N., Frolov, V. L., Grach, S. M., and Kotov, P.V.: On the morphology of SEE spectral features in a wide pump wave frequency range, Adv. Space Res., 38, 2518–2536, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2005.02.046, 2006.

Strickland. D. J., Craven, J. D., and Daniell Jr., R. E.: Six days of thermosphric-ionospheric weather over the northern hemisphere in late September 1981, J. Geophys. Res., A106, 30 291–30 306, 2001.

Tereshchenko, E. D., Khudukon, B. Z., Gurevich, A. V., Zybin, K. P., Frolov, V. L., Myasnikov, E. N., Muravieva, N. V., and Carlson, H. C.: Radio tomography and scintillation studies of ionospheric electron density modification caused by a powerful HF-wave and magnetic zenith effect at mid-latitudes, Phys. Lett., A325, 381–388, 2004.

Vas'kov, V. V. and Gurevich, A. V.: Resonance instability of smallscale plasma perturbations, Sov. Phys. J. Exp. Theor. Phys., 46, 487–494, 1977.

Vas'kov, V. V. and Gurevich, A. V.: Samofokusirovochnaya i resonansnaya neustoichvost' v F-oblasti v ionosfere, in: "Teplovye nelinienye effekty v plazme", 81–138, Gorky, 1979, (in Russian) (Self-focusing and resonant instability in the ionospheric \emphF-region, in: "Thermal nonlinear phenomena in a plasma"), 1979.

Vlasov M. N., Kelley M. C., and Gerken, E.: Impact of vibrational excitation on ionoswpheric parameters and artificial airglow during HF heating in the \emphF-region, J. Geophys, Res., 109, A093004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JA010316, 2004.

Weinstock, J. and Bezzerides, B.: Theory of electron acceleration during parametric instabilities, Phys. Rev. Lett., 32, 754–748, 1974.