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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ANGEO</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Annales Geophysicae</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ANGEO</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Ann. Geophys.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1432-0576</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/angeo-23-277-2005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Location accuracy of VLF World-Wide Lightning Location (WWLL) network: Post-algorithm upgrade</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rodger</surname>
<given-names>C. J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Brundell</surname>
<given-names>J. B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dowden</surname>
<given-names>R. L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>LFEM Research Ltd., 161 Pine Hill Road, Dunedin, New Zealand</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>28</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>277</fpage>
<lpage>290</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2005 C. J. Rodger et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2005</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/23/277/2005/angeo-23-277-2005.html">This article is available from https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/23/277/2005/angeo-23-277-2005.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/23/277/2005/angeo-23-277-2005.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/23/277/2005/angeo-23-277-2005.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>An experimental VLF World-Wide Lightning Location (WWLL) network has been
developed through collaborations with research institutions across the
globe. The aim of the WWLL is to provide global real-time locations of
lightning discharges, with &amp;gt;50% CG flash detection efficiency and mean
location accuracy of &amp;lt;10km. While these goals are essentially arbitrary,
they do define a point where the WWLL network development can be judged a
success, providing a breakpoint for a more stable operational mode. The
current network includes 18 stations which cover much of the globe. As part
of the initial testing phase of the WWLL the network operated in a simple
mode, sending the station trigger times into a central processing point
rather than making use of the sferic Time of Group Arrival (TOGA). In this
paper the location accuracy of the post-TOGA algorithm WWLL network (after 1 August 2003)
is characterised, providing estimates of the globally varying
location accuracy for this network
configuration which range over 1.9-19km, with the global median being 2.9km,
and the global mean 3.4km. The introduction of the TOGA algorithm has
significantly improved the location accuracies.

&lt;P  style=&quot;line-height: 20px;&quot;&gt;
The detection efficiency of the WWLL is also considered. In the selected
region the WWLL detected ~13% of the total lightning, suggesting a
~26% CG detection efficiency and a ~10% IC detection
efficiency. Based on a comparison between all WWLL good lightning locations
in February-April 2004, and the activity levels expected from satellite
observations we estimate that the WWLL is currently detecting ~2%
of the global total lightning, providing good locations for ~5% of
global CG activity. The existing WWLL network is capable of providing
real-time positions of global thunderstorm locations in its current form.</p>
</abstract>
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