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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ANGEO</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Annales Geophysicae</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ANGEO</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Ann. Geophys.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1432-0576</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/angeo-22-2497-2004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>The structure of high altitude O&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; energization and outflow: a case study</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nilsson</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Joko</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lundin</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rème</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sauvaud</surname>
<given-names>J.-A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dandouras</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Balogh</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Carr</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kistler</surname>
<given-names>L. M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Klecker</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Carlson</surname>
<given-names>C. W.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bavassano-Cattaneo</surname>
<given-names>M. B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Korth</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Centre d’Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, Toulouse, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>University of New Hampshire, Durham, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestriche Physik, Garching, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>Space Science Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>Instituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario, Roma, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>8</label>
<addr-line>Max-Planck-Institut für Aeronomie, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>14</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>22</volume>
<issue>7</issue>
<fpage>2497</fpage>
<lpage>2506</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2004 H. Nilsson et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2004</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/22/2497/2004/angeo-22-2497-2004.html">This article is available from https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/22/2497/2004/angeo-22-2497-2004.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/22/2497/2004/angeo-22-2497-2004.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/22/2497/2004/angeo-22-2497-2004.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Multi-spacecraft observations from the CIS ion spectrometers on
board the Cluster spacecraft have been used to study
the structure of
high-altitude oxygen ion energization and outflow. A
case study
taken from 12 April 2004 is discussed in more detail. In
this case the spacecraft crossed the polar cap, mantle and high-altitude cusp
region at altitudes between 4&lt;i&gt;R&lt;sub&gt;E&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; and 8&lt;i&gt;R&lt;sub&gt;E&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
and 2 of the spacecraft provided data. The oxygen
ions were seen as a beam with narrow energy
distribution, and increasing field-aligned velocity and temperature
at higher altitude further in the upstream flow
direction.
The peak O&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; energy was
typically just above the highest energy of observed protons. The observed
energies reached the upper limit of the CIS ion spectrometer, i.e. 38keV.
Moment data from the spacecraft have been
cross-correlated to determine cross-correlation coefficients, as
well as the phase delay between the spacecraft.  Structures in ion density, temperature and
field-aligned flow appear to drift with the observed
field-perpendicular drift. This, together with a
velocity dispersion analysis, indicates that much
of the structure can be
explained by transverse heating well below the
spacecraft. However, temperature
isotropy and the particle flux as a function of
field-aligned velocity are inconsistent with a single altitude Maxwellian source.
Heating over extended altitude intervals, possibly all the way up to the observation point,
seem consistent with the observations.</p>
</abstract>
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