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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ANGEO</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Annales Geophysicae</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ANGEO</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Ann. Geophys.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1432-0576</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/angeo-22-2451-2004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Plasma convection across the polar cap, plasma mantle and cusp: Cluster EDI observations</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Vaith</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Paschmann</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Quinn</surname>
<given-names>J. M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Förster</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Georgescu</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Haaland</surname>
<given-names>S. E.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Klecker</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kletzing</surname>
<given-names>C. A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Puhl-Quinn</surname>
<given-names>P. A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rème</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Torbert</surname>
<given-names>R. B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, 85748 Garching, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>CESR-CNRS, 31028 Toulouse, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>14</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>22</volume>
<issue>7</issue>
<fpage>2451</fpage>
<lpage>2461</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2004 H. Vaith et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2004</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/22/2451/2004/angeo-22-2451-2004.html">This article is available from https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/22/2451/2004/angeo-22-2451-2004.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/22/2451/2004/angeo-22-2451-2004.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/22/2451/2004/angeo-22-2451-2004.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>In this paper we report measurements of the convection obtained with the
Electron Drift Instrument (EDI) on Cluster. We use 20 passes that cross the
between its dayside and nightside boundaries (or vice versa) at
geocentric distances ranging from about 5 to about 13&lt;i&gt;R&lt;sub&gt;E&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, and at
interspacecraft separations (transverse to the ambient magnetic field)
between a few km and almost 10000km. We first illustrate the nature of
the data by presenting four passes in detail. They demonstrate that the sense
of convection (anti-sunward vs. sunward) essentially agrees with the
expectations based on magnetic reconnection occurring on the dayside or
poleward of the cusp. The most striking feature in the EDI data is the
occurrence of large-amplitude fluctuations that are superimposed on the
average velocities. One type of fluctuation appears to grow when approaching
the dayside boundary. The examples also show that there is a variable
degree of inter-spacecraft correlation, ranging from excellent to poor. We
then present statistical results on all 20 passes. Plotting 10-min averages
of the convection velocities vs. IMF &lt;i&gt;B&lt;sub&gt;z&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; one recovers the expected
dependence, albeit with large scatter. Looking at the variances computed over
the same 10-min intervals, one confirms that there is indeed one type of
contribution that grows towards the dayside boundary, but that variances can
be high anywhere. Finally, computing the inter-spacecraft correlations as a
function of their separation distance transverse to the magnetic field shows
that the average correlation drops with increasing distance, but that even at
distances as large as 5000km the correlation can be very good. To put those
scales into context, the separation distances have also been scaled to
ionospheric altitudes where they range between a few hundred meters and
600km.</p>
</abstract>
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