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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ANGEO</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Annales Geophysicae</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ANGEO</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Ann. Geophys.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1432-0576</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/angeo-22-2403-2004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Cluster observations of high-frequency waves in the exterior cusp</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Khotyaintsev</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Vaivads</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ogawa</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Popielawska</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>André</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Buchert</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Décréau</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lavraud</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rème</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala, Sweden</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Nagoya University, Japan</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Space Research Center, Warsaw, Poland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>LPCE/CNRS, Orleans, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>CESR, Toulouse, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>14</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>22</volume>
<issue>7</issue>
<fpage>2403</fpage>
<lpage>2411</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2004 Y. Khotyaintsev et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2004</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/22/2403/2004/angeo-22-2403-2004.html">This article is available from https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/22/2403/2004/angeo-22-2403-2004.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/22/2403/2004/angeo-22-2403-2004.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/22/2403/2004/angeo-22-2403-2004.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>We study wave emissions, in the frequency range from above the
lower  hybrid frequency up to the plasma frequency, observed
during one of the Cluster crossings of a high-beta exterior cusp
region on 4 March 2003. Waves are localized near narrow current
sheets with a thickness a few  times the ion inertial length;
currents are strong, of the order of 0.1-0.5&amp;mu;A/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
(0.1-0.5mA/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
when mapped to ionosphere). The high frequency
part of the waves, frequencies above the electron-cyclotron
frequency, is analyzed in more detail. These high frequency waves
can  be broad-band, can have spectral peaks at the plasma frequency
or spectral peaks at frequencies below the plasma frequency. The
strongest wave emissions  usually have a spectral peak near the
plasma frequency. The wave emission intensity and spectral
character change on a very short time scale, of the order of 1s.
The wave emissions with strong spectral peaks near the plasma
frequency are usually seen on the edges of the narrow current
sheets. The most probable generation mechanism of high frequency
waves are electron  beams via bump-on-tail or electron two-stream
instability. Buneman and ion-acoustic instability can be excluded
as a possible generation  mechanism of waves. We suggest that high
frequency waves are generated by  electron beams propagating along
the separatrices of the reconnection region.</p>
</abstract>
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